Reader and nonreader conception of the spoken word

The development of the concept of word in readers and nonreaders was investigated. Five reader and nonreader male students from four age groups (6.5–7.5; 7.6–8.5; 8.6–9.5; 9.6–10.5) were tested using the procedures developed by J. Downing and P. Oliver (Reading Research Quarterly, 1973–1974, 9, 581–586). Results from an analysis of variance indicated significant effects for reading levels (p < .001), age (p < .05), stimuli (p < .01), and a significant interaction between reading level and stimulus class (p < .05). Evidence indicates nonreaders may be confused about the differences between a short word and phonemes, syllables, sentences, and long words.     

语文词典词性及语法功能标注的问题

汉语词与英语词不同,致使汉语词典词性及功能标注显得没那么迫切,而且,即使标注也不可能与英语模式一样。尽管如此,词性及功能标注还应继续尝试,它毕竟可以给学习者带来诸多方便。     

On the concept “chemical equilibrium”: The associative framework

Word associations were used to map the conception of high school students concerning the concepts “chemical equilibrium” and “equilibrium.” It was found that the preconception of the two concepts was differentiated on noncritical dimensions; “equilibrium” being associated with everyday life experiences and “chemical equilibrium” with general chemical concepts. After studying the subject of chemical equilibrium at school the two concepts merged towards one, i.e., becoming synonymous. This can provide an explanation for misconceptions associated with chemical equilibrium via the transfer of static attributes from “equilibrium” to the dynamic “chemical equilibrium”.     

Teaching and learning the concept of chemical bonding

Chemical bonding is one of the key and basic concepts in chemistry. The learning of many of the concepts taught in chemistry, in both secondary schools as well as in the colleges, is dependent upon understanding fundamental ideas related to chemical bonding. Nevertheless, the concept is perceived by teachers, as well as by learners, as difficult, with teaching commonly leading to students developing misconceptions. Many of these misconceptions result from over‐simplified models used in text books, by the use of traditional pedagogy that presents a rather limited and sometimes incorrect picture of the issues related to chemical bonding and by assessments of students' achievement that influence the way the topic is taught. In addition, there are discrepancies between scientists regarding key definitions in the topic and the most appropriate models to teach it. In particular, teaching models that are intended to have transitional epistemological value in introducing abstract ideas are often instead understood by students as accounts of ontological reality. In this review paper we provide science educators, curricula developers and pre‐service and in‐service professional development providers an up‐to‐date picture regarding research and developments in teaching about chemical bonding. We review the external and internal variables that might lead to misconceptions and the problematic issue of using limited teaching/learning models. Finally, we review the approaches to teaching the concept that might overcome some of these misconceptions.     

论马克思主义民主观

本文从历史性、阶级性、相对性等马克思主义民主观的核心理念来阐述民主的本质以及马克思主义关于民主的认识,最后阐述马克思主义民主观的现实意义,作为马克思主义者要坚定马克思主义信念,在实践中不断丰富和发展马克思主义民主理论。     

论职业培训概念的界定

对职业培训基本概念的深入探讨和界定，有助于指导职业培训的理论研究与实践活动。职业培训不同于普通教育等教育种类，它面向从业人员和有就业要求的人员，以传授职业知识和技能技巧、培养职业态度等为目标。职业培训具有周期性短、适应性强、实用性强等鲜明的特征。     

Problem solving and chemical equilibrium: Successful versus unsuccessful performance

The purpose of this study was to describe the problem-solving behaviors of experts and novices engaged in solving seven chemical equilibrium problems. Thirteen novices (five high-school students, five undergraduate majors, and three nonmajors) and ten experts (six doctoral students and four faculty members) were videotaped as they individually solved standard chemical equilibrium problems. The nature of the problems was such that they required more than mere recall or algorithmic learning and yet simple enough to provide the novices a reasonable chance of solving them. Extensive analysis of the think-aloud protocols produced 27 behavioral tendencies that can be used to describe and differentiate between successful and unsuccessful problem solvers. Successful solvers' perceptions of the problem were characterized by careful analysis and reasoning of the task, use of related principles and concepts to justify their answers, frequent checks of the consistency of answers and reasons, and better quality of procedural and strategic knowledge. Unsuccessful subjects had many knowledge gaps and misconceptions about the nature of chemical equilibrium. Even faculty experts were sometimes unable to correctly apply common chemical principles during the problem-solving process. Important theoretical concepts such as molar enthalpy, heat of reaction, free energy of formation, and free energy of reaction were rarely used by novices in explaining problems.     

英语构词模式分析

英语构词模式主要有在词干词前后加词缀派生、转化、语义转换及复合构词法等几种构词模式。通过对英语构词模式进行分析，可以更准确地把握英语句义的表达，增强理解的准确性。     

说“词”

通行的“词”实际上指两种词汇单位 :词位变体和词位。词位和词位变体处于词汇系统的不同层级上 ,前者是词汇基本单位 ,由词汇材料成分构成 ;后者由词位变体构成 ,实质上是一种特殊的词场 ;在词汇系统中 ,后者位于前者的上一结构层次。弄清“词”的所指 ,对词位理论、词汇系统理论、词类理论的建立健全具有重大的理论意义     

Students' and teachers' explanations of chemical equilibrium

Specializations: cognitive processes in science learning and teaching.     

米德自我概念的述评

本文从米德自我概念的分析入手,剖析了米德自我概念的视角:从米德的一系列阐述不难知道,米德始终把自我放在社会中——自我的社会生成性和社会发展性;他时刻不忘作为主我的自我和作为客我的自我之间的符号互动性;他在肯定“概化他人”的自我的作用时,对主我的主动性、实践性和创造性给予了厚望。当然,米德的自我概念上有许多不足,这正好为后人对自我概念的发展提供了很大的空间。     

室内设计中的意境解析

意境在室内环境设计中有着极为重要的地位。现代室内环境的功能不再是仅为人们提供生存条件的物质空间,更多的是承载人的精神和情感追求的心理空间,成为连接人们情感世界的桥梁。本文在这种情况下,首先对意境以及室内设计中的意境进行了简单的说明,然后分别从空间、色彩、材质、光照、自然景观等角度对意境在室内空间中的创设进行了分析,具有一定的借鉴意义。     

论陶行知的考试观

陶行知的考试观是陶行知教育思想的重要组成部分，他揭露和批判了旧的考试制度存在的各种弊端，提倡改革考试制度，注重创造能力的考核。研究并借鉴陶行知的考试观，有助于我们推进素质教育，减轻中小学生过重的课业负担。     

21世纪新营销观念-可持续营销

经济发展中出现的低伦理营销行为存在的根源为自私的“经济人”,这一营销理念损害了社会利益。为摒弃其缺点,应树立根源为“社会人”的可持续营销观念,这一营销理念有助于生态伦理与社会伦理的保持与持续发展。     

绿色化学理念在化学化工过程中的实施

论述了绿色化学理念和绿色化学的基本原理,重点探讨了绿色化学理念在化学化工过程中的实施,即不断开发新的化学催化过程,提高反应的原子经济性,选用新的合成原料;采用不对称催化剂、分子筛固体酸碱催化剂和生物催化剂等高选择性、高活性的催化剂;采用水、超临界流体、离子液体、氟碳相等无毒无害溶剂和固态反应;重视生物质的利用和化学产品的绿色化等。     

试论汉字系统的结构特点与汉字教学科学化

各种文字都有各自的优缺点,都有各自不同的学习困难.汉字与拼音文字相比,具有不同的结构特点.认识汉字系统的结构特点,对提高汉字教学的科学化水平,具有重要意义.     

论胡林翼的民本思想

胡林翼的民本思想有其特定时代、家学和师友关系背景。它包括体察民情、严禁扰民的爱民思想;正身为范、提倡文教与节孝、旌恤伤亡的教民思想;募民勇办民团以抗匪的用民思想;以农为本并结合减漕、救荒、严禁高利贷和整理诉讼等措施的富民思想。它在理论上未有突破,但实践上开启了近代民权。     

化学反应速率及平衡教学中的难点突破

化学平衡的教学中应紧紧围绕几个根本因素的教学，突出事物的本质特征，使学生形成一般的解题思路和方法；强化思维模式的建立，使学生形成运用所学一般思维模式处理纷繁多变的实际问题的能力。