From concepts of motivation to its application in instructional design: Reconsidering motivation from an instructional design perspective

This paper explores the concepts of motivation, including extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation. It describes how motivation becomes a major concern in the field of instructional design (ID). Furthermore, a motivation model—the ARCS model—is identified and discussed. Finally, it provides an example of how to apply the motivational design process in ID. The aim of this paper is to facilitate a deeper understanding of motivation and to inform professionals about its importance in learning     

中学化学基本概念与基础理论的教学策略研究

提出要重视中学化学基本概念与基础理论的教学策略,探索、实践并总结了基本概念和基础理论教学的不同策略和多种方式.     

现代大学理念与人才培养模式

大学理念是人们对大学精神、性质、功能和使命的基本认识,是对大学与外部世界诸元之间关系的规定,它是大学内部管理及运转的哲学基础。简而言之,大学理念是指大学校长用什么指导思想办大学,以及人们心目中的大学是什么样的。办学首先是理念办学,没有理念的大学教育,等于失去了灵魂;没有科学的大学教育理念,其教育的行为是短暂的,目标是片面的,发展是被动的。大学理念对大学的发展具有定向作用,即有什么样的大学理念,必然有什么样的办学结果。大学校长是大学办学方向的主要掌握者,其选择方向的依据即是他持有的大学理念。     

Influence of levels of information as presented by different technologies on students' understanding of acid,base, and ph concepts

We investigated how different levels of information presented by various technologies affected secondary students' understanding of acid, base, and pH concepts. Secondary students who were selected for the study had just completed their study of acid–base chemistry. No attempt was made to provide further instruction. We analyzed changes in the understanding of individual students by constructing concept maps from the propositions that the students used in interviews conducted before and after a series of acid–base titrations. After the initial interview, students were divided into three groups. Within each group, students individually performed the same set of titrations using different technologies: chemical indicators, pH meters, and microcomputer-based laboratories (MBL). After the titrations were completed, all students were interviewed again. We found that students using MBL exhibited a larger positive shift in their concept map scores, which indicates a greater differentiation and integration of their knowledge of acids and bases. The chemical indicator students exhibited a more moderate positive shift in their concept map scores, and the pH meter students exhibited a smaller positive shift. We also found that the MBL students constructed more inappropriate links in their concept maps than the chemical indicator or pH meter students. However, we speculate that this increased number of inappropriate links indicates a high level of involvement with the technology. We therefore argue that the level of information offered by the technology affected students' understanding of the chemical concepts.     

不可忽视教态的教学功能

一、身体的动作 教师在课堂上身体的动作,主要指教师在教室里身体位置的移动和身体的局部动作. 1.教师在课堂上的走动走动是教师传递信息的一种方式,如果一个教师一节课只一个姿势地站在那里一动也不动,课堂就会显得单调而沉闷.相反,教师适时地在学生面前走动,而又能调动学生的注意力,课堂就会变得有生气,还能激发学生的兴趣,调动其积极情绪.     

Teachers’ beliefs, instructional behaviors, and students’ engagement in learning from texts with instructional pictures

This study investigated the relations between teachers’ pedagogical beliefs and students’ self-reported engagement in learning from texts with instructional pictures. Participants were the biology, geography, and German teachers of 46 classes (Grades 5-8) and their students. Teachers’ instructional behaviors and students’ engagement in learning from texts with instructional pictures were assessed by means of student ratings. Teachers’ beliefs about using texts with instructional pictures in their teaching were assessed by a self-report questionnaire. Results showed that the more teachers believed that students should be taught clear strategies on how to learn from texts with instructional pictures the more engagement was reported by their students. A multilevel mediation model showed that the association between teachers’ beliefs and students’ self-reported engagement was mediated by teachers’ perceived instructional behavior.     

Letter names, phonological awareness and the phonetization of writing

Following several studies on the relationship between phonological awareness, children’s knowledge of letter names and their understanding of the alphabetic code, we pose the hypothesis that children’s knowledge of letter names may contribute to their analysis of the oral segments of words, thereby enabling them to produce writing in which some of the sounds are represented by appropriate letters. The participants were 80-syllabic 5-year-old kindergarten children, who were assigned to 2 experimental and 2 control groups and submitted to phonological and letter knowledge tests. We asked the children in the experimental groups to write a set of words in which either the initial sound (Exp. G. 1) or the middle sound (Exp. G. 2) coincided with the name of a letter known by the child; the children in the control groups were asked to write a set of control words. The results show that the introduction of facilitating words prompts syllabic children to produce writing in which some of the sounds are represented by appropriate letters; Exp. G. 1 gave better results than Exp. G. 2. Finally, there is a positive relationship between the results achieved by children in phonological and letter name tests and the number of sounds they write phonetically.     

The impact of the instructional planning self-reflective tool on preservice teacher performance, disposition, and self-efficacy beliefs regarding systematic instructional planning

This study investigated the impact of a self-regulatory tool, the Instructional Planning Self-Reflective Tool (IPSRT), on preservice teachers' performance, disposition, and self-efficacy beliefs regarding systematic instructional planning. Participants enrolled in an introductory educational technology course were taught how to develop an instructional plan as part of the course. An experimental group was provided with instruction on how to use the IPSRT while engaging in instructional planning. Results indicated that the experimental group demonstrated greater skill acquisition, showed more positive disposition, and reported higher perceived instrumentality of instructional planning. In terms of self-efficacy, no significant differences were found between the two groups. However, further analyses revealed that participants who were initially high in self-efficacy reported significantly lower self-efficacy following the tool intervention; in contrast, participants initially low in self-efficacy showed significantly higher self-efficacy following the tool intervention. Findings are discussed from a social-cognitive perspective.     

重庆区县名的命名归类与命名特征

政区名的命名研究已成为当代地名学研究的热点之一,而学术界对重庆地名的研究尚不系统和深入。实际上重庆的区县名命名方法十分独特。就今天重庆43个区县名而言,其命名可以归纳为3大类12小类,而且表现出三个方面的独特性,研究这些独特性和规律性对于指导今天重庆的地名工作具有十分明显的现实意义。     

Hypothesis testing in students: Sequences,stages, and instructional strategies

Six sequences in the development of hypothesis-testing conceptions are proposed, involving (a) interpretation of the hypothesis; (b) the distinction between using theories and testing theories; (c) the consideration of multiple possibilities; (d) the relation of theory and data; (e) the nature of verification and falsification; and (f) the relation of truth and falsity. An alternative account is then provided involving three global stages: concrete operations, formal operations, and a postformal “metaconstructive”stage. Relative advantages and difficulties of the stage and sequence conceptualizations are discussed. Finally, three families of teaching strategy are distinguished, which emphasize, respectively: (a) social transmission of knowledge; (b) carefully sequenced empirical experience by the student; and (c) self-regulated cognitive activity of the student. It is argued on the basis of Piaget's theory that the last of these plays a crucial role in the construction of such logical reasoning strategies as those involved in testing hypotheses.     

Team names of the NBA

Memphis Grizzlies(孟菲斯灰熊) The Grizzlies were originally based in Van- couver,British Columbia,on Canada’s Pacific coast,where grizzly bears do live. Minnesota Timberwolves(明尼苏达森林狼) Minnesota,which is located on the border with Canada,contains large expanses of fores- ted wilderness where timberwolves make their home.