我国中小学生学业成败归因特点及其影响因素

中小学生学业成败归因是归因研究领域的一个热点问题.不同的学生对学业成败有着不同的归因,不同的归因影响着学生的情绪和期望,进而影响到学生的学习行为,最终影响学生的学业成绩.文章对我国中小学生学业成败归因的特点以及影响归因的因素进行了分析,为以后的研究提供参考.     

论教师归因对学生归因的影响及教育对策

对学业成就的的成败，不同的学生有不同的归因，影响学生的归因有许多因素，其中教师的归因是其重要因素之一，教师的归因往往通过其行为影响学生的自我归因，进而影响学生的后继行为，而学生的后继行为又会影响其学业成就，本文旨在运用归因理论分析教师的归因及行为对学生归因的影响，并探讨相应的教育对策，以期通过师生积极的正确的归因，端正学生成就动机和后继行为，提高学习绩效。     

成就动机的归因模型建构及其在教育实践中的运用

教育是归因理论最重要的应用领域之一，学生对其学业成败的归因在决定其成就动机和学习行为方面有重要作用．而当今成就动机研究几乎成了动机研究的同义语，关心学生学业成就的教育心理学家占据了动机研究的中心舞台．在此背景下，归因理论的介入给其研究注入了新的活力，成为该领域的主旋律，对教育教学实践起着积权的指导意义．文章拟结合动机研究的发展历程，对成就动机的归因模型建构加以探析，并讨论其在教育教学实践中的意义及运用．     

民办高校大学生学业成败归因特点的研究

对学业成败的归因将直接影响学生日后的发展,因此教育者应当高度重视学生学习行为中的心理倾向,正确认识归因理论并将其应用到学风教育当中,提高学生学业成功的期望和行为的功效感。民办高校大学生学业归因又有其自己独特的特点。本研究随机从大连民办高校选取100名大学生来探讨其学业成败的归因特点。采用问卷调查法,经过信度、效度检验后,运用主成分因素分析法得出民办大学生学业成败归因特点,为日后教学研究提供借鉴。     

归因理论在教学实践中的应用

归因理论在教学中起着很重要的作用,不同学生对学业成败的不同归因在很大程度上影响着他们的学业表现。教师应了解学生的归因特点,并根据归因理论对学生进行训练,帮助学生对自己的行为结果做出恰当的归因,从而避免学业上的挫败感,尽可能地获得成功。     

初中英语学困生学业成败的归因分析

"归因"是影响英语学困生学业成败的一大因素。本文从心理学角度出发,以当前已有研究为基础,对"学困生"的概念进行了界定,分析了初中英语学困生学业成败的归因及其归因对学习动机的影响。教师应结合教学经验,对学困生进行正确的归因指导训练,使学困生能够对学习成败进行正确的归因,从而提高学困生学习英语的效率。     

中职生学业成就归因的调查及启示

以往的学业成就归因研究大多针对中小学生，针对中职生的研究比较少见。通过问卷调查探讨中职生学业成就的归因特点，可以为教师改善教育教学提供依据。     

学生学业成败归因倾向的调查与启示

学生学业成败归因倾向已成为教育研究的一个重要课题。对南通大学两个不同专业学生成败归因倾向的调查表明,重视对学生归因倾向的研究、引导学生对学习结果多作努力归因、积极帮助学生增强自我效能、克服习得无助是提高大学英语教学水平的有效途径。     

农村初中生的学业成败归因倾向研究

为了解农村初中学生的学业成败归因倾向,本文对511名农村初中生进行调查研究。结果表明:被试对学业成败的努力归因倾向得分最高,不同归因倾向的性别之间、年级之间、住宿方式之间、成绩之间均存在显著差异。建议教师积极引导学生的学业归因方式,激发学生学习的内驱力,提高学习效果。正视农村学生的成败归因倾向,鼓励学生积极归因;因材施教,增强各群体的自信心;替代强化,优化学生的归因方式;矫正训练,培养学生自我归因能力,形成积极的归因风格。     

学生学业成败的归因理论分析

不同的学生对学业成败有不同的归因,而不同的归因导致不同的情绪和期望,进而导致不同的成就行为,最终影响学生的心理素质和学业成绩.因此,教师要做好学生的学业成败归因训练,鼓励积极的归因,消除消极的归因.     

中学绩差生和优良生成就归因与学习效能感特点的研究

本研究旨在探讨中学绩差生和优良生的成就归因和学习效能感的特点，被试为北京市某中学平均成绩在60分以下(绩差生)和80分以上(优良生)的学生。研究结果表明：绩差生和优良生在成就归因和学习效能感特点方面存在显差异，绩差生表现出消极的归因方式和较低的学习效能感，优良生表现出积极的归因方式和较强的学习效能感。     

Non-School English of High-School Students

Abstract

This study explores the effects of classroom feedback and evaluation structure on students’ attributional tendencies. It extends the application of attribution theory from its conventional use in the context of individual differences to the classroom level. A classroom model was developed describing the effects of feedback and evaluation practices on the distributional pattern of students’ attributional tendencies. The results of this study suggest that the feedback and the evaluation system in the classroom affect students’ causal explanations of their successes and failures in school. The results show’ that in classrooms where the feedback structure is rich, more specific, and individualized, the attributional tendencies of the low achievers are closer to those of the high achievers.     

Attributional profiles: Considering multiple causal attributions for success and failure at the beginning of secondary school

Students typically perceive their successes and failures to have multiple causes. The present study examined students’ profiles of causal attributions for success and failure during the first year of secondary school. The stability of attributional profile membership was assessed across three timepoints. Furthermore, it was examined whether students characterized by different attribution profiles differed in their levels of school engagement, self-esteem, and school performance. Latent profile analyses and latent transition analyses among 657 first-year Dutch secondary school students (M_age = 12.6, SD = 0.4) identified four attributional profiles, which were similar across the three timepoints. The profiles were labelled uncontrollable failure, controllable failure, uncontrollable success, and undifferentiated. About half of the students (52 %) remained member of the same profile across the three timepoints. Students in the uncontrollable success profile reported significantly lower levels of school engagement and self-esteem, and performed less well in school compared to students in the other profiles. Students in the uncontrollable failure profile and the controllable failure profile did not differ from each other with regard to school engagement, self-esteem, and school performance. The findings suggest that attributional retraining interventions may want to shift their focus from changing uncontrollable failure attributions to changing students’ external, uncontrollable attributions for success.     

Attributional (explanatory) thinking about failure in new achievement settings

Attributional (explanatory) thinking involves the appraisal of factors that contribute to performance and is instrumental to motivation and goal striving. Little is understood, however, concerning attributional thinking when multiple causes are involved in the transition to new achievement settings. Our study examined such complex attributional thinking in the transition from high school to university, a shift from familiar to novel learning environments, in the context of Weiner’s attribution theory (1972, 1985, 1995, 2006). At the start of the academic year, students rated the extent to which each of six common attributions contributed to poor performance to ascertain their relative importance to each other. A fixed order of attributions was reported as contributing to poor performance that was identical across five independent cohorts of first-year students (effort, test difficulty, strategy, professor quality, ability, luck, respectively). Cluster analysis revealed that students differed in combining these attributions into clusters suggesting diminished or enhanced control over poor performance. These differences in attribution clusters were associated with cognitive and affective outcomes at the start of Term 1, and with course grades and GPA at the end of Term 2. Student differences in complex attributional thinking are discussed in terms of transitions to new achievement settings.     

农村初中生学业成就归因方式与考试焦虑的研究

以随机整体分层抽样的300名农村初中生为被试,采用学业成就归因（MMCS）量表和中文版考试焦虑量表（TAI）进行学业成就归因方式与考试焦虑的问卷调查,探讨初中生学业成就归因方式特点、考试焦虑现状及其关系。结果发现：（1）初中生学业成就归因方式倾向于内归因,存在性别及年级间的差异。（2）当前初中生考试焦虑状况良好,年级差异显著。（3）初中生学业成就归因方式与考试焦虑存在显著的相关。为引导初中生合理归因、保持适宜考试焦虑,提出相应的教育训练措施。     

高中女生数学考试归因训练的实验研究

采用问卷和实验相结合的方法,对高中女生数学考试不适当的归因方式进行了归因训练的实验研究.研究发现:(1)在原因归因上,与控制组相比,实验组被试更倾向于将成功归因于能力和持久努力等内部原因,而将失败归因于心境、持久努力、运气;而且,成功情境下临时努力归因显著下降,失败情境下能力和教学质量归因显著下降.(2)在期望倾向上,实验组认为失败的结果是可以改变的,并且更愿意付出努力.(3)在情感反应倾向上,实验组在成功后的自豪和欣慰感更为强烈,失败后更多地产生内疚的情绪体验,而控制组在失败后更易产生自卑的消极情感.     

儿童英语习得性无助的正确归因与干预

习得性无助感是一种普遍存在的心理障碍,在小学英语学习过程中,由于小学生内因如缺乏成功体验、不恰当的归因和不正确的比较以及家庭、学校和教师的外因共同影响下的一种低自我效能感、低学习动机的认知障碍。通过集体干预的形式,从儿童的英语学科核心能力、归因方式、自我认知以及家长认知四个方面进行干预,旨在将儿童习得性无助感转变为高自我效能感。     

中小学生交往成败的归因特点与归因训练

中小学生对交往成功和失败的归因倾向存在差异,不同年级、不同性别其归因倾向的特点各异。其影响因素有前提信息的影响、归因中的"自我防御性归因"、对突显刺激的过度反应、期望是个体对自己将来活动结果的预先性认知、伴随归因过程而产生的情感体验等。针对中小学生交往归因的特点,特别是中小学生错误的归因方式,进行归因训练的方式有集体训练和个别训练两种形式。归因训练对提高中小学生的交往效果具有重要的实践意义。     

Are we exacerbating students’ learning disabilities? An investigation of preservice teachers’ attributions of the educational outcomes of students with learning disabilities

While claims of the importance of attribution theory and teachers’ expectations of students for student performance are repeatedly made, there is little comprehensive research identifying the perceptions preservice teachers have of students with learning disabilities (LD). Accordingly, 444 Australian preservice primary school teachers were surveyed using vignettes and Likert-scale questions, to ascertain their responses to students with and without LD. It was found that preservice primary school general education teachers held a negative attribution style towards students with LD. Preservice primary teachers perceived students with LD as a lacking ability in comparison to others in the class. Recommendations for research and training programmes conclude the paper.