Turn-taking in tutorial group discussion,under varying conditions of preparation and leadership

The effects of variations in preparation and leadership on turn-taking behaviour in problem solving groups were investigated in a field-experimental setting. A factorial, randomized, longitudinal design was employed, with controls imposed over many of the identifiable extraneous effects. Four groups (n = 15) discussed problematic case study material under conditions of varying preparation (prepared vs. unprepared) and leadership (emergent vs. assigned leadership), for eight consecutive weekly sessions of one hour's duration. The principal hypotheses were tested by 2 × 2 analysis of variance, and a cautious approach was adopted to the interpretation of statistically significant results, in that preparation or leadership effects were only taken as being of any theoretical or practical significance if they reached significance in at least three of the eight discussion sessions. Both preparation and leadership, as well as the interaction of these variables, influenced turn-taking behaviour. Interactive behaviour also showed a degree of stability across sessions, with the greatest stability occurring in the behaviour of members of prepared groups. The obtained leadership effects were explained in terms of interaction expectation theory, and behaviour modelling.     

University policies under varying market conditions: The training of electrical engineers

This paper analyzes the problem faced by a university in optimizing the quality and quantity of engineers in the face of fluctuating enrollment. This problem is embedded within an equilibrium model that considers the dynamic rational occupation choice of high school graduates and the effect of the students and the university decision on the current and future demand and supply of engineers. The explicit considerations lead to an estimable model that is capable of providing economic forecasts of the demand and supply of electrical engineers under various economic conditions. The model is estimated using aggregate data from Israel. The estimated parameters are consistent with the economic theory and fit the sample well. In particular, the model is capable of estimating the observed cyclical movements in the number of graduating electrical engineers in Israel. Finally, we provide several predictions on the equilibrium number of electrical engineers towards the end of the century.     

Taste-sickness associations in young rats over varying delays,stimulus, and test conditions

We showed, as had previous investigators, that young rats formed taste-sickness associations that were weaker than those of mature rats; associations were not formed over a delay greater than 45 min, and aversions did not survive a 60-min test session. The difficulty young rats had withholding consumption and their poor sensitivity to taste and sickness contributed to the weak aversions. Choice tests revealed aversions that had apparently extinguished during a no-choice test, and animals that were allowed to mature prior to the first test readily withheld consumption for 60 min. Furthermore, young rats formed an aversion over a delay of 2.5 h when the concentrations of saccharin and lithium chloride were increased. Aversions to the stronger saccharin did not extinguish over two one-bottle tests and were retained for 52 days.     

C-R-A模式下的幽默交际失败分析

言语幽默是一种日常生活中普遍存在的交际方式。言语幽默的使用者为了达到特定的目的,将幽默内涵包孕在其话语中传递给听者并期望对方获得。然而由于交际双方所拥有的认知语用背景各不相同,说话者的目的并不一定能达到,幽默交际经常会出现失败。应用C-R-A模式(合作·关联·顺应模式)分析幽默交际失败的优势在于从宏观和微观角度阐释了幽默的失败,可以发现交际对象的合作意愿和认知语境和对信息的处理模式都会影响幽默交际的成功。     

吴子牧的领导作风与领导艺术

吴子牧是中国矿业大学天津时期、北京时期的主要领导人,为为学校在20世纪50年代初的建设和发展作出了重大贡献。他懂得高等教育规律,办学有方,具有很高的领导水平和领导艺术,受到全院师生员工的崇敬和爱戴。     

P-可分群的两个充分条件

φ表示p-可分群的群类．利用c-补子群的概念,得到了p-可分群的两个充分争件：（1）如果群G的4阶循环子群在G中c-可补且G的任意极小子群含于G的φ-超中心Zφ（G）中,那么G是p-可分群;（2）设H G且G／H是p-可分群．如果H的任意4阶循环子群在G中c-可补且H的任意极小子群包含在G的φ-超中心Zφ（G）中,那么G是p-可分群．     

p-可分群的两个充分条件

ψ表示p-可分群的群类.利用c-补子群的概念,得到了p-可分群的两个充分条件(1)如果群G的4阶循环子群在G中c-可补且G的任意极小子群含于G的ψ-超中心Zψ(G)中,那么G是p-可分群;(2)设H(△)G且G/H是p-可分群.如果H的任意4阶循环子群在G中c-可补且H的任意极小子群包含在G的ψ-超中心Zψ(G)中,那么G是p-可分群.     

Pandemics,leadership, and social ethics

PROSPECTS - This Viewpoint argues that the absence of worldwide social ethics is at the root of our present social, political, and economic crises. More to the point, the current COVID-19...     

Effects of varying laboratory conditions on behavioral-state organization in two- and eight-week-old infants.

Previous studies have found that laboratory conditions influence sleep-waking behavior in older infants, children, and adults. The present study employed videotape recordings to monitor continuous 24-hr sleep-waking activity in 2- and 8-week-old infants before, during, and after 12 hr of polygraphic recordings. Sleep- and waking-state organization were affected by laboratory conditions. At both age levels, increased fussy-crying and decreased alertness occurred during the first 4 hr in the laboratory when they were video recorded only and during the first 4 hr that the leads were in place. Decreased fussy-crying and increased alertness were noted in the following periods, indicating adaptation. Latency to sleep was shorter, and drowsiness increased and active sleep decreased while the leads were in place. At 8 weeks, quiet sleep increased and active sleep decreased while the leads were in place. These data suggest that the unfamiliar laboratory conditions inherent in both observational and polygraphic studies are stressful and that time for adaptation is needed.     

Methodological individualism,educational administration,and leadership

There are two major categories of explanation for organisational performance: structural and individual. With the shift away from systems-theoretic accounts that occurred in the 1980s, structural explanations have been replaced increasingly by the individualism of leadership and leader-centric explanations, especially when it comes to schools. In this paper, we argue that leader-centric accounts involve a commitment to methodological individualism and that there are four serious problems with this view. First, it is logically difficult to describe individual actions without recourse to structures. Second, methodological individualism fosters a centralised mindset inviting the attribution of leadership where none may exist. Third, evidence for distributed cognition compromises leader-centrism. And fourth, administrative tasks themselves are often highly structured. In response to these problems, we urge a more balanced approach to organisational functioning, one that involves both structures and individuals.     

学校分布式领导概念新思维与领导力实践体系的集成

分布式领导是教育管理中一个新兴的领导学研究领域。面对复杂多变的学校环境,分布式领导是优化组织决策、促进教师员工参与管理的重要领导模式。因此,当学校处于变革发展的条件下,面临加倍动荡的环境时,必须用新的思维整合分布式领导概念,将领导者、追随者和情境放在一起理解。以形成更有效的学校组织结构和流程。     

Academic mobility,transnational identity capital,and stratification under conditions of academic capitalism

Academic mobility has existed since ancient times. Recently, however, academic mobility—the crossing of international borders by academics who then work ‘overseas’—has increased. Academics and the careers of academics have been affected by governments and institutions that have an interest in coordinating and accelerating knowledge production. This article reflects on the relations between academic mobility and knowledge and identity capital and their mutual entanglement as academics move, internationally. It argues that the contemporary movement of academics takes place within old hierarchies among nation states, but such old hierarchies intersect with new academic stratifications which will be described and analysed. These analytical themes in the article are supplemented by excerpts from interviews of mobile academics in the UK, USA, New Zealand, Korea and Hong Kong as selected examples of different locales of academic capitalism.