积极幻觉与当代积极心理学

积极幻觉是积极心理学的重要组成部分,是个体在生活中或在面临威胁性情景、压力性事件时所做出的一种对自我、现实生活和未来的消极方面的认知过滤。它主要包括自我概念的理想化、夸大对可控性的感知和不现实的乐观三种表现形式。问卷法是目前研究积极幻觉的主要方法。积极幻觉对人类和个体有着重要意义,主要涉及选择性注意、良性遗忘、容忍能力不足和消极自我图式等认知加工过程。相关研究主要集中在生理与心理健康、恋爱关系、学业成绩以及跨文化领域。未来的研究方向是丰富积极幻觉的负性研究,拓展积极认知的研究领域,开发本土化的测量工具等。     

Comparison of individual factors in school psychology graduate students: Why do students pursue a degree in school psychology?

The purpose of this study was to investigate what factors influenced students to enter the field of school psychology. Although numerous studies have documented the thoughts and perspectives of practitioners regarding why they have chosen to become school psychologists, attempts to recruit and retain an adequate number of school psychology practitioners and researchers have shown limited success. A national sample of 307 school psychology graduate students responded to a survey designed to measure issues related to the current state of professional practice, the influence of parental education, and professional organization recruitment. Results indicated that working with children and personal experiences within the school system were highly related to participant's decisions to become school psychologists. In addition, doctoral level and nondoctoral level students present similar reasons for entering the field. This research is discussed in terms of its implications for future research and the current shortage of school psychology practitioners and faculty. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 865–872, 2007.     

积极心理学与学校心理健康教育

积极心理学给学校心理健康教育工作提供了新的思路,它起到了更新教育理念,拓展教育目标,转变教育模式的重要作用,从而创新了心理健康教育的途径。     

Positive psychology in the prevention of eating disorders

Traditionally the identification of, and treatment for, eating disorders has been based on developmental psychopathology theory and research, thereby emphasizing risk factors and the elimination of maladaptive behaviors. This article seeks to reconceptualize the prevention of, and protective factors for, eating disordered behavior from the positive psychology framework proposed by Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi. This philosophy posits that psychology should strive to identify characteristics relating to positive subjective experiences, constructive individual traits, and affirmative institutions for the purpose of emphasizing and enhancing these strengths. To this end, we present recent literature on promoting protective factors with respect to these variables in the prevention of eating disorders. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 111–117, 2004.     

当代大学生消费心理浅析

当代大学生作为当代社会中特殊的消费群体,其消费心理也更加复杂和多样化。因此必须加强对大学生群体的消费心理的研究,剖析其消费过程中存在的心理问题及产生的原因,这对于培养大学生形成正确的人生观和价值观意义深远,也是高校思想教育的应有之意。     

当代大学生的完美主义心理探析

在当代大学生中,存在着完美主义的倾向和偏差,这对大学生树立正确的世界观、人生观、价值观极为有害。本文对大学生完美主义心理现状、形成的原因做了剖析,对克服完美主义的倾向和偏差的途径进行初步探讨,以期为大学生自我完美主义心理倾向的诊断和干预提供一个有效的工具。     

试析体育教学中学生的学习心理

体育教学是素质教育的内容之一,现阶段学生的思想、兴趣、爱好各具特征,对体育课的认识和表现也有差异.通过调查测试,从学生对体育课的兴趣,学习动机,及学生对体育课不感兴趣的原因及选择的几个方面,对体育课中学生的心理加以剖析..     

独立学院学生学习心理探究

学习心理在学生的学习过程中起着非常重要的作用,直接影响着学习的过程和学习结果。独立学院学生由于高考成绩与普通高校学生相比存在着一定的差距,他们在学习心理上有他们自己的特点。本文通过访谈的方法研究了独立学院学生的学习心理特点,并根据学生的学习心理对教师的教学提出了建议。     

高职高专学生就业心理研究

二十世纪末,我国高校实施了大规模的扩招,学生数量显著增长,但也带来了不可避免的消极影响,本文深入分析当前高职高专学生的就业心理存在的主要问题,并且分析存在这些心理的原因,最后给出了相应的应对措施解决高职高专学生的就业心理问题。     

大学生自杀心理研究与危机干预策略

1 根据自杀发展进程与动机 ,对大学生自杀的心理类型进行了分类 ;2 从自杀发展趋势、自杀原因、性别与年龄差异、精神因素和自杀方式等角度 ,对目前大学生自杀的特点进行了社会心理分析 ;3 探讨了大学生自杀的危机干预策略     

浅析高职大学生就业心理问题及对策

随着国际就业形势与中国"入世"影响以及我国高职院校连续几年的扩招,加重了高职院校大学生的就业压力。本文通过问卷调查,了解高职大学生就业过程中出现的主要心理问题。据此提出调适高职大学生就业心理问题的方法,主张通过社会、学校、家庭的共同努力来解决高职大学生的就业心理问题,以此更好的促进高职学生高质量就业。     

大学生现代文学阅读心理性别差异研究

调查发现，在对待探险作品和现代文学作品中关于性爱情节、复杂感情关系、女性主人公心理描写方面男女生的阅读心理存在显著的差异；目前大学生的现代文学阅读量明显偏少，特别是对外国文学阅读更少。因此，必须结合大学生心理特点，有针对性地进行现代文学阅读教学，针对男女大学生的阅读心理差异，实行因材施教。     

优化学生心理,矫治不良行为

作为最基础的小学教育 ,肩负着培养一代具有创新实践能力的创新型人才的历史重任 ,小学教育阶段 ,通过多种教育渠道 ,不仅培养小学生具有广博的基础知识 ,更要让他们具有健康的心理和健全的人格。然而 ,据有关部门调查显示 :目前 ,我国小学生中存在着各种心理问题的人却占了总数的 2 9.8%。为此 ,对他们实施健康心理教育 ,任务十分繁重。矫正他们的不良心理 ,工作异常艰巨。那么 ,如何才能做好这项工作呢 ?一、当前学生存在的心理健康问题扫描众多小学生 ,一方面胆小害羞 ,交往合作能力差 ,行为易于冲动 ,甚至我行我素 ,一些学生还爱撒谎、…     

大学新生心理健康问题成因及对策

大学新生入校后产生的一系列心理问题已经越来越受社会和学校的关注，本文从产生心理健康问题的原因．大学新生以及学校应该采取的措施进行分析。     

高职院校工科学生择业心理分析与对策

通过调研发现目前高职院校工科生普遍存在自身定位不准确导致心理期望落空,对专业兴趣不足或成绩不好导致就业情绪低落,不善于与人交往和沟通带来的内心封闭和孤独等心理障碍,针对这些问题,我们提出了一些解决方案以促进学生正确认知自我、主动适应社会的能力。     

Resource use and academic performance among first year psychology students

Multiple questionnaires completed over the semester by 514 students enrolled in a first year psychology course reveal that no single pattern of reliance on print, online, or in-person resources guarantees a high mark. Analyses of the reported and measured frequency of use of various resources correlated against students’, performance on both individual assessments and their final marks suggests that students employ a range of strategies in their use of class resources. They tend to rely on their textbooks, Web-based lecture notes, and online quizzes, but their final marks are more strongly determined by their university entrance scores than by their resource use strategy, their sex, or whether or not English is their first language. The data suggest that students adapt their learning strategies to the resources available, with an apparent emphasis on learning what will be assessed rather than exploring for understanding. Importantly, the results argue that investment in development of educational technologies – and students’, use of educational technologies – must be informed by empirical data concerning its impact on the efficiency and quality of learning.     

Navigating a sea of ideas: Teacher and students negotiate a course toward mutual relevance

Theories of social cognition and verbal communication were used to analyze the science teaching of an experienced fourth-grade teacher. Her teaching skills in language arts and reading were assets in negotiating the rapid flow of relatively unstructured information typical of inquiry in elementary classrooms, to help students generate relevant information about hands-on experience. The teacher was a collaborator in this case study of her thinking and instructional planning, and her students' learning in a unit of instruction about space. Implications for elementary science instruction include recognizing the importance of embedded speech in conceptually broad discussions with students. Efforts to reform elementary science instruction should attend to these instructional skills more common to language arts instruction.     

Retention and persistence of African‐American students in school psychology programs

This qualitative study investigated eight African‐American specialist‐level students’ experiences with and perceptions of their retention and persistence toward degree completion in school psychology programs. Findings indicate that participants deemed the general supports faculty offered to all students and positive, supportive relationships with faculty as retention strategies they experienced as effective and access to diversity in support systems as a retention strategy they perceived would be beneficial. Participants described social engagement and reliance on family and classmates as persistence strategies they used. Based on these findings, the article provides recommendations for school psychology faculty interested in retaining African‐American students and African‐American students who aim to persist to degree completion.     

学生心理咨询中阻抗的识别与应对

心里咨询中的阻抗本质上是求助者对于自我暴露与自我变化的抵抗,而在具体的咨询过程中,阻抗因人、环境等实际情况不同而表现各异,比较难以准确辨别。因而准确地识别阻抗并加以有效地处理,可增进咨询师与求助者之间的心理沟通,促使求助者对其特定思想和行为方式的深入领悟。本文研究了学生心理咨询过程中阻抗的表现,并提出了相应的应对方法。