Preface to Special Topic: Microfluidics in cell biology and tissue engineering

In this special issue of Biomicrofluidics, a wide variety of applications of microfluidics to tissue engineering and cell biology are presented. The articles illustrate the benefits of using microfluidics for controlling the cellular environment in a precise yet high rate manner using minimum reagents. The topic is very timely and takes a stab at portraying a glimpse of what is to come in this exciting and emerging field of research.     

Preface to Special Topic: Biological microfluidics in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

In this special issue of Biomicrofluidics, many manifestations of biological microfluidics have been highlighted that have significance to regenerative biology and medicine. The collated articles demonstrate the applicability of these biological microfluidics for studying a wide range of biomedical problems most useful for understanding and shining light on basic biology to those applications relevant to clinical medicine.     

Innovation as co-evolution of scientific and technological networks: exploring tissue engineering

The question of exactly how science is commercialized is an important one. While the social structures of “science” and “technology” are distinctive, recent work suggests that scientific and technological ideas in fact co-evolve. This paper addresses the dynamics of such co-evolution: are scientific networks deeply co-mingled with networks through which technology is created and if so how? It does so in a study of an emerging area of biomedicine—tissue engineering. The research is based on a novel methodology that takes advantage of the fact that an idea is often inscribed in both a patent and paper, thus forming a patent–paper pair. Starting with the pair, it is possible to trace the citation network of patents, papers, inventors and authors, combining traditional bibliometric analysis with in-depth interviews to provide new insights. The results show that for this case there exist distinctive scientific and technological networks. Furthermore, while there is evidence of overlap, it is neither co-publishing nor citation as might be predicted from current literature. Rather co-mingling exists through founding, licensing, consulting and advising. This has implications for our understanding of the processes through which spillovers arise, the way in which commercialization and technology transfer should be structured and for recent debates on conflict of interest in biomedicine.     

Cell-enclosing gelatin-based microcapsule production for tissue engineering using a microfluidic flow-focusing system

Gelatin-based microcapsule production using a microfluidic system and the feasibility of the resultant microcapsules for constructing spherical tissues surrounded by heterogeneous cells were studied. The first cell-encapsulation and subsequent cell-enclosing microparticle encapsulation were achieved using a microfluidic flow-focusing droplet production system. A hollow-core structure of about 150 μm in diameter was developed by incubating the resultant microparticles at 37 °C, which induced thermal melting of the enclosed unmodified gelatin microparticles. Mammalian cells filled the hollow-cores after 4 days of incubation. A cell layer on the cell-enclosing microcapsules was developed by simply suspending the microcapsules in medium containing adherent fibroblast cells. This method may prove useful for the generation of gelatin microcapsules using a microfluidic system for formation of artificial tissue constructs.     

Bio-electrospraying of human mesenchymal stem cells: An alternative for tissue engineering

Bio-electrospraying (BES) is a technique used for the processing of cells and can be applied to tissue engineering. The association of BES with scaffold production techniques has been shown to be an interesting strategy for the production of biomaterials with cells homogeneously distributed in the entire structure. Various studies have evaluated the effects of BES on different cell types. However, until the present moment, no studies have evaluated the impact of BES time on mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Therefore, the aim of this work was to standardise the different parameters of BES (voltage, flow rate, and distance of the needle from the collecting plate) in relation to cell viability and then to evaluate the impact of BES time in relation to viability, proliferation, DNA damage, maintenance of plasticity and the immunophenotypic profile of MSC. Using 15 kV voltage, 0.46 ml/h flow rate and 4 cm distance, it was possible to form a stable and continuous jet of BES without causing a significant reduction in cell viability. Time periods between 15 and 60 min of BES did not cause alterations of viability, proliferation, plasticity, and immunophenotypic profile of the MSC. Time periods above 30 min of BES resulted in DNA damage; however, the DNA was able to repair itself within five hours. These results indicate that bio-electrospraying is an adequate technique for processing MSC which can be safely applied to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.     

甲醇制烯烃国家工程实验室

“甲醇制烯烃国家工程实验室”于2008年8月．获得国家发改委批准建设。工程实验室的依托单位是中科院大连化物所,共建单位包括西煤化工集团公司、中煤能源集团公司、陕西新兴煤化工科技发展有限公司和正大能源材料（大连）有限公司。工程实验室实行理事会领导下的实验室主任负责制。     

创新系统功能论

 考察了现行创新系统研究的特点及存在的问题,较为全面地评述了创新系统研究新的进路即功能分析,构建了面向发展中国家的创新系统功能论,并构建以功能论为核心的创新系统整体分析框架及分析流程。     

A socio-cognitive approach to innovation

This paper argues that case studies in innovation research at the level of the firm require an explicit model of how people think and act in organisations. The ‘socio-cognitive’ approach which is outlined here combines Weick's social psychological ideas with Teece's characterisation of the firm by its technological knowledge base. It is argued that a cognitive approach accommodates the tacit nature of technological knowledge well, and that artefacts can be considered as cognitive resources. A distinction is made between the social control of production technology (the firm) and of user technology (typically the market). This distinction is used as the basis for conceptualising technological innovation as the creation by individuals within the firm of ‘cognitive ensembles’ composed of cognitive elements drawn from both the technological base of the firm and market conceptions.This focus on the process by which innovation is generated within the firm leads to a brief discussion of previous work on the creative process and the relevance of the socio-cognitive approach to macro-level studies of technological change.     

我国高学历者失业的经济学解释

高学历者失业是近年来在我国社会中凸现的热点经济问题。高学历者失业对社会而言，不仅严重浪费整个社会人力资源，同时也严重遏制社会、企业与个人的人力资本投资积极性。本文立足于现代经济学的失业与人力资本理论，借助人力资本投资—贡献模型对我国高学历者失业及其根源进行深刻剖析；并提出了相应的治理措施。本文研究对于促进我国人力资本投资、高学历者就业及其效率提高都具有非常重要理论与现实意义。     

生产实习如何更好的服务于制药工程人才培养

分析了生产实习在制药工程专业人才培养中的重要作用以及客观存在的问题,并从实习基地建立、师资队伍培养和改善教学管理几方面进行了改进探讨,以切实提高生产实习质量,培养复合型的制药工程人才。     

价值工程方法在业务流程重组实施中的应用

业务流程重组 (BusinessProcessReengineering)是一种流行的组织重构方法。本文结合国内外几种较常用的业务流程重组工具和方法 ,采用价值工程中的强制确定法 (FD)和综合评价法 ,在业务流程重组中对各项活动进行分析和评价 ,为业务流程重组提供了一个定量分析工具。     

如何培养土木工程专业学生的经济意识--浅谈工程经济学的数学

根据目前土木工程项目的特点和以及土木工程专业课程设置情况,就如何培养土木工程专业学生的经济意识、完善工程经济学的教学改革、切实解决教学中存在的问题提出了自己的看法,以期培养懂技术、会管理、重经济的具有综合素质的土木工程专业人才.     

A state space approach to elasticity

The two-dimensional, plane stress problem of linear elasticity is analyzed within a state space framework. The medium considered is homogeneous and isotropic. Vlasov's mixed formulation of elasticity is used throughout. The field equations are derived in closed form, thus avoiding Vlasov's intermediate infinite series solution. Finally, all the properties of the transfer matrix are shown to follow directly from embedding the problem into a state space setting.