Affection as a separate dimension of meaningfulness

The meaningfulness of affectively significant (liked) materials has been shown to be separate from traditional explanations of meaningfulness, such as familiarity and rehearsal, in the verbal learning laboratory. The present investigation studied affective meaningfulness in the learning of course materials. Before the course began, students rated summaries of the study units of their course for affection. As predicted, subjects obtained higher examination grades on liked topics than on disliked topics, independently of perhaps the most prominent “rehearsal” explanation, amount of study on the various units. Also as expected, poor students showed a greater reliance on affective meaningfulness in their learning than did good students. Greater awareness of the role of affection in learning is recommended. Present findings suggest that considering this dimension of meaningfulness to be merely a by-product of familiarity or rehearsal may be the most detrimental to the students with the most learning difficulty.     

Informal interaction and faculty projections of student ratings of the institutional climate

This study employed the Semantic Differential technique to investigate the relationship between informal interaction with students and the accuracy with which faculty members project students' perceptions of the institutional climate at two colleges of Arts and Sciences. When subdivided into nominal categories of high, moderate, and low interactors on the basis of their frequency of informal, out-of-class contacts with students, high interactors were found to project consistently more accurate student ratings of the climate on a bureaucracy factor than low interactors. A similar, though not consistent, relationship was found between high and low interactors on an intellectualism/scholarship dimension.     

A latent profile analysis of student restudy decisions

Metacognition and Learning - Do all learners make the same restudy decisions, or is there heterogeneity within the population? The present study combines three previously published datasets and...     

Understanding student resistance as a communicative act

In the current era of ‘zero tolerance’, disciplinary practices including punishment, expulsion, physical and psychological surveillance, and confinement are a major part of resistant students’ lived experiences. This article is an ethnographic study of student resistance that is observed in an alternative high school in the USA, which serves students expelled from regular schools for their acts of resistance. The purpose of this study is to explore how understanding of the meaning of student resistance can be used as a theoretical and pedagogical medium with which teachers can create an equitable educational milieu that upholds views and experiences of the marginalised students. The study also offers a new insight into resistance theory drawing upon Dewey's transactional theory of resistance as a communicative act to further suggest what might be possible for the teachers and students to transcend conflicts in order to establish a more meaningful teacher–student relationship moving beyond zero-tolerance policies.     

The urban university student: A political profile

A survey of University of Pittsburgh student participation in the 1970 election suggests that college students may not exert the independent political influence that many predicted. Pittsburgh students tend to participate within the established party system, to accept traditional party labels (especially the party identity of their parents), and to participate in those (higher-order) political activities usually performed by college-educated adults. Although students may be concerned with effecting programmatic change, radical political activity common to the 1960s is on the want. Our data suggest, further, that the findings and conclusions of the voting studies of the 1950s still apply.The research reported herein was supported in part by an Office of Education Grant, Contract No. OEG-29-480725-1027, Project No. 80725. I appreciate the helpful criticisms of Martha K. Baum and Barbara B. Jameson. Christina M. Jarema was responsible for the processing of the data. This paper was originally presented at the Annual Research Institute of the District of Columbia Sociological Society, Howard University, May 13, 1972.     

Internationalisation as a key dimension to teacher education

The European Union has recognized the need for promoting social and political change through education. Special emphasis has been placed on the role of schools in personal and human development, along with the need for greater understanding of the diversity which makes up the European Union and throughout the world. This means that teachers are now expected to involve learners in the process of acquiring knowledge of their own culture(s) as well as other cultures. This article discusses a pilot project carried out in six European countries and designed to promote intercultural awareness of future teachers. The nexus of the training programme included empirical knowledge drawn from the teacher trainees international experiences, combined with intercultural communicative theory. How the pilot project was set up, some outcomes and conclusions derived from qualitative and quantitative research about the project are discussed.

L'union européenne a identifié le besoin de favoriser le changement social et politique par le biais de l'éducation. Une attention particulière a été portée sur le rôle des écoles quant à l'épanouissement personnel et humain et le besoin d'une meilleure compréhension de la diversité de l'Union Européenne et hors de ses frontières. Ceci implique que les enseignants sont maintenant amenés à faire acquérir aux étudiants la connaissance de leur propre culture tout autant que d'autres cultures. Cet article présente un projet pilote mené dans six pays européens conçu pour favoriser la sensibilisation interculturelle de futurs professeurs. Le programme de formation repose sur la connaissance empirique tirée des expériences internationales de professeurs stagiaires, combinée avec la théorie communicative interculturelle. La présentation fera part du déroulement du projet pilote, de quelques résultats fondés sur des analyses quantitative et qualitative.

Die Europäische Union hat die Notwendigkeit erkannt, sozialen und politischen Wandel durch Ausbildung zu fördern. Besonderer Wert wurde auf die Rolle gelegt, die Schulen für die persönliche und menschliche Entwicklung spielen, zusammen mit der Notwendigkeit, die Vielfalt, die die Europäische Union und die Welt an sich ausmachen, besser zu verstehen. Das heißt, dass von Lehrer/innen jetzt erwartet wird, Lernende in den Prozess des Wissenserwerbs in Bezug auf die eigene Kultur(en) sowie andere Kulturen einzubeziehen. Dieser Beitrag stellt ein Pilotprojekt vor, dass in sechs europäischen Ländern durchgeführt wurde und dass entworfen worden ist, um interkulturelles Bewusstsein zukünftiger Lehrer/innen zu fördern. Der Kern des Trainingsprogramms schließt empirisches Wissen ein, das aus den internationalen Erfahrungen der auszubildenden Lehrer/innen stammt, und das mit Theorien zur interkulturellen Kommunikation verbunden wurde. Die Entwicklung des Pilotprojekts sowie einige Ergebnisse aus der qualitativen und quantitativen Forschung des Projekts werden vorgestellt.

La unión europea ha reconocido la necesidad de promover el cambio social y político a traves de la educación. El énfasis especial se ha puesto en el papel de las escuelas para el desarrollo personal y humano, junto con la necesidad de la mayor comprensión de la diversidad que se encuentra en la unión europea y el resto del mundo. Esto significa que ahora se espera que los profesores impliquen a sus alumnos en el proceso de adquirir conocimientos de su propia cultura(s) como de otras culturas. Este artículo plantea un proyecto experimental realizado en seis países europeos y diseñado para promover el conocimiento intercultural de futuros profesores. El nexo del programa incluyó el conocimiento empírico recogidos de las experiencias internacionales de los alumnos de educación, combinadas con teoría comunicativa intercultural. Se discute cómo el proyecto fue diseñado y implementado, algunos resultados y conclusiones derivadas de la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa sobre el proyecto.     

非正式学习的阅读活动研究

全民阅读活动的不断推进要求更多的社会个体具有通过阅读来学习的能力,也为传统研究重心在青少年阅读活动的阅读研究提出新的论题。当前学习科学领域关于"非正式学习"理论的相关研究成果强调阅读活动的社会属性,凸显了在阅读教学过程中通过阅读情境设置以激发阅读动机、关注数字化阅读效率的提升策略研究、研究成人阅读活动的特点、提升课堂阅读教学的实用性的重要意义。     

Formal and Informal Registration as Marketing Tools:

This paper reports a study of the escalating commitment phenomenon seen in formal and informal academic registration. A situation is examined in which respondents fail twice, and then succeed in their attempts to achieve a desired opportunity. Their escalation response are the dependents in a model where two failed registration opportunities are used for forming the independent variable. The model is oriented to the examination of prior learning on behaviors chosen in the successful third and informal attempt. Prior experience, motivation, affect, and perception of effort expended and risk to career are examined. Respondents who use the formal system tend to be inexperienced with the system, escalate their efforts, have a low estimate of their chances for success, and blame the institution. Respondents who use the informal system tend to have more experience, de-escalate their efforts, have a high estimate of their chances for success, and accept responsibility for their actions. Suggestions for marketing and public relations applications are given, along with suggestions for further research.     

Peer assessment as a learning tool for enhancing student teachers' preparation

This study investigates how peer assessment contributes to enhancing student teachers' preparation during field experience. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 72 student teachers. The findings showed that the student teachers have positive beliefs about peer assessment. They think that it can be beneficial if some changes are made in the way it is employed in teacher education programs. In light of the study findings, the researchers put forth a number of suggestions and recommendations for employing peer assessment in teacher education programs in Jordan.     

Clarity and coherence of lesson goals as a scaffold for student learning

The article addresses clarity and coherence of lesson goals as a scaffold for student learning. In 13 physics classes video recordings of the introductory lesson of two topics were rated with respect to clarity and coherence of the lesson structure. HLM analyses showed a positive effect of classes with high goal clarity and coherence on the students' reports on supportive learning conditions, self-determined learning motivation and organising learning activities. Over the course of a school year high goal clarity and coherence resulted in a positive competence development. No effect was found for individual interest development.     

College student drug usage in a state system as a function of type of institution

Over 4,500 students from 28 universities, colleges, and junior colleges constituting a state system of higher education were compared on extent of drug use. At least two of the three pairs of groups differed on reported usage of six of the substances, with the largest differences being between universities and junior colleges on alcohol and marihuana. A discriminant analysis showed that the nine items formed two differentiating dimensions—Alcohol Usage and Hallucinogen/LSD Usage—in separating the groups. Despite the statistical significance, the differences in terms of actual numbers of users were small. Inferences of the results are discussed.     

社会之维：审美本质“社会派”理论评述

1950年代苏联关于审美本质的讨论,标志着苏联马克思主义文论进入了一个新的发展阶段,它由长期以来对文艺的简单化和片面化的理解,转入了在更广泛的视野中进行阐释.其中社会派理论在这一讨论中影响最大,其主要代表人物为亚·布罗夫和列·斯托洛维奇,前者在马克思主义认识论框架中重新审视了艺术的本质,而后者则将这一问题在价值论层面上进行考察,对马克思主义主流文论的发展作出了重要贡献.     

International school partnerships as a vehicle for global education: student perspectives

The UK government has recently demonstrated an unprecedented interest in global learning within primary and secondary schools. While the adoption and implementation of the global dimension varies, international school partnerships (ISPs) have been identified as a key vehicle for harnessing the potential of the global dimension in schools. Despite increasing global policy and practice interest in ISPs, little empirical research examines the influence of ISPs on students, teachers and leaders. Drawing on evidence nested in our 3-year research and development study of the British Council's Connecting Classrooms-Sub Saharan Africa programme, this paper examines students' own view of their international school partnership participation. We employ a multidimensional citizenship framework to frame our analysis of 694 student surveys from 66 schools across 12 countries. Based on this evidence, we argue that the influence of ISPs on global learning can be enhanced by intentionally designing partnerships to: celebrate school-based learning linked to international partners; create opportunities for students to engage in activity-based communication-driven ISP related learning; and, deliberately encourage students to discuss their partnership work with friends and family. We also make recommendations for policy and practice leaders and researchers.     

Social involvement and development as a response to the campus student culture

Given the widely accepted notion of whole person education in Confucian societies such as Hong Kong, Mainland China and Singapore, it is surprising that research literature originated in these societies pays little attention to how students learn and develop through out-of-class experiences at university. There is little research evidence on how the prevailing culture among student social communities (residential halls and student societies/clubs) influences students’ social involvement and development. This paper examines 42 Chinese students’ social experiences and development during their freshman year at a Hong Kong university. The majority of them were intensively involved in out-of-class activities. Their active social involvement was both a response to the culture of student communities and a conscious choice about social experiences at university. As a result, the students attained development in four dimensions: (1) the social competences of interpersonal and collaboration skills and new friendships; (2) the practical competences of time management, organisation, negotiation, decision making and leadership; (3) the intellectual competences of open-mindedness and independent judgment; and (4) the personal competences of self- responsibility and self-confidence. Educational implications are discussed towards the end of the paper on supporting and advising students regarding social involvement, particularly during the first year of university.     

Not playing the game: student assessment resistance as a form of agency

Within self-regulated learning, learners exercise agency by setting targets, formatively monitoring progress, and evaluating results in ways which inform their own goal attainment. However, in real-world classroom situations, assessment processes can elicit behaviours that are more ego-protective than growth-oriented. Resistance to teacher expectations in assessment can arise from the individual’s need to protect his or her own identity or ego within the psychosocial context of the classroom. In addition, resistance can arise from strategic choices learners make to cope with competing demands on their time and resources. Thus, students may exercise their agency by not following assessment expectations or protocols (e.g. lying, cheating, or failing to give their best effort). These choices seem to undermine assessment validity. This paper shares student voice data from the Measuring Teachers’ Assessment Practices (MTAP) project (n = 46 students in seven focus groups) in New Zealand and the Supporting Student-assessment Success (SSAS) Project (n = 108 first-year university students) in Australia. Both highlight the different ways students resist, subvert, or act in contention with assessment. These data show that students in both sectors do not always act in the growth-oriented ways that educators envision. Students reported exercising potentially maladaptive assessment agency via Assessment dishonesty, Purposeful underperformance, and Doing it alone. These categories were underpinned by three differing rationales: Protection, Strategic prioritisation, and Mini-max. Educators must be mindful of these potential student actions and motives, working to establish psychological safety within the learning environment, and making sure links between learning and assessment are clear.