自闭症儿童的心理理论发展及其与言语能力的关系

研究用5个信念任务测量心理理论能力,用皮博迪图片词汇测验测量言语能力,比较12名自闭症儿童和同等言语能力的28名正常儿童的表现,并分析了心理理论和言语能力的相关。结果表明:(1)自闭症儿童的心理理论发展显著落后于同等言语智力的正常儿童;(2)自闭症和正常儿童的信念理解发展序列基本一致;(3)心理理论和言语能力保持中度相关,但控制年龄因素后的偏相关不显著。本研究支持心理理论发展的领域特殊性观点。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童心理理论的影响因素研究进展

心理理论是社会认知的重要研究领域,对社会能力的发展有着深刻影响.孤独症谱系障碍是一种广泛性发育障碍,学者采用不同的心理理论任务证实,孤独症儿童心理理论严重缺损.文章重点分析了语言、执行功能、家庭环境、同伴关系、干预等内外在因素对孤独症谱系障碍儿童心理理论的影响.未来的研究应不断改进现有的研究方法,扩展研究对象的年龄和范围,更加注重开展系统的干预研究.     

自闭症儿童心理理论能力中的情绪理解

情绪理解在个体社会交往中发挥着重要的作用,在社会交往上存在障碍的自闭症儿童的情绪理解能力理应是值得关注的研究领域。本文综述了以往对自闭症儿童心理理论能力的研究,从情绪与愿望、信念之间关系的角度对自闭症儿童基于愿望和信念的情绪理解力进行分析,并探讨了理解不同类别情绪时自闭症儿童表现不同的原因。     

对自闭症儿童进行心理理论训练的研究综述

对自闭症儿童进行心理理论训练具有重要的理论和临床意义。这些训练研究发现自闭症儿童的类似能力有限，支持了心理理论原发性亏空理论；并提供了一些特殊的训练程序和方法，为以后的心理理论的训练研究打下了基础。     

孤独症儿童心理推测能力的影响因素的研究

本研究除了关注年龄和智力因素的影响外 ,还首次探讨了自闭症病症的程度与心理推测能力的关系。综合本研究和以往研究的结果得出 :生理年龄大并同时伴随较高智力能有助于自闭症儿童理解他人的心理。此外 ,本研究发现 ,自闭症病症程度与心理推测能力之间有显著的负相关。采用大样本去论证这个关系的存在应是今后研究的一个方向。     

Spatial Ability and Theory of Mind: A Mediating Role of Visual Perspective Taking

This research tests the role of visual perspective taking (VPT) in mediating the relation between spatial ability and theory of mind (ToM). Study 1 demonstrated such mediation correlationally in seventy 3.5- to 4-year olds. In Study 2, twenty-three 3.5- to 4-year-olds were trained on using play blocks to copy preassembled models as a way to promote spatial ability. Resultant increases in VPT and ToM were compared to those from a control group learning to draw instead (n = 23). Both studies showed that the effect of spatial ability on ToM depended on VPT, suggesting a role of embodiment in ToM development in early childhood. These findings provide an alternative way to think about ToM development and the psychological mechanism that may be involved.     

孤独症的心理理论研究及其临床应用

孤独症的心理理论与其言语、交往能力、社会功能以及想象有密切的关系。本文综述了以前有关孤独症心理理论损伤的一些实验研究 ,并从言语能力对孤独症心理理论表现的影响方面进行了重点讨论。最后着重从临床和应用的角度 ,探讨了与心理理论有关的孤独症早期检测和训练问题 ,并提出目前研究存在的问题和未来研究的方向     

不同语言能力幼儿在三种错误信念任务中的表现

本研究采用了实验的方法,以言语、非言语性任务,意外转移与表征变化任务为变量,考察了不同语言能力的88名3-4岁幼儿的错误信念理解能力。研究结果发现,降低错误信念任务对语言能力的要求并不能改变幼儿在错误信念理解上的年龄特征;在3岁和4岁两个年龄组中,语言能力超常的幼儿在各项实验任务上的表现均好于语言能力一般的幼儿。     

交互式理论在儿童口语交际能力中的运用

师生作为具体的社会历史的人,师生之间不仅存在着教学关系,而且存在着伦理关系和情感关系。在师生的关系中,师生是积极互动、共同发展的,教师要时刻发挥引导者、组织者、解难者的作用,运用交互式理论积极调动学生的认知、情感和语言开发的主动性,积极地参与到学生生活、学习、能力培养的过程中,以学生为中心,以口语交际为半径,从而提高学生的口语交际能力。     

自闭症儿童心理理论教学的个案研究

本研究采用准实验设计的研究方法,以三名普通幼儿园自闭症儿童为研究对象,使用应用行为分析为原理的教学,以提升三位自闭症儿童心理理论能力,探讨以应用行为分析方式的心理理论教学是否能促进心理理论能力及因个案差异造成的教学及成效差异。研究结果表明三位个案在心理理论测验的后测得分以及通过率均高于前测,一定程度说明了心理理论能力可以通过心理理论的教学来提升。     

Accuracy and Speed of Processing Verbal Stimuli Among Subjects With Low and High Ability in Mathematics

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the accuracy and processing speed of verbal stimuli among students with low and high ability in mathematics. A total of 60 native Greek students participated (30 boys and 30 girls), ranging in age from 15 to 18. A tachistoscopic technique was used to present the verbal stimuli: words were presented to either the left or the right visual field, and delivered to the contralateral hemisphere. Our results showed that students with high ability in mathematics gave faster responses and made fewer errors for the rhyme and semantic judgments they were asked to make than students with low ability in mathematics. This finding lends support to previous studies which claim an association between mathematical and language skills. Moreover, our data provide evidence for right hemisphere (RH) participation in making semantic judgments.     

假装游戏对幼儿心理理论发展的影响

本研究以48名3～4岁儿童为被试,借鉴以往假装游戏的干预方式,对幼儿进行假装游戏训练,以此探讨假装游戏对儿童心理理论发展的影响.结果表明:(1)游戏组儿童的心理理论后测成绩显著高于控制组,即假装游戏的训练促进了3-4岁儿童心理理论能力的发展;(2)在后测的心理理论任务总成绩上年龄效应极其显著,即训练后,实验组4岁儿童与3岁组儿童在心理理论成绩上差异显著.假装游戏可能通过游戏中的角色、实物转换,即用一个物体代替另外一个物体或想像一个不存在的物体、角色扮演等方式促进了儿童心理理论的发展.     

谈高校辅导员用科学理论武装头脑的能力与境界

当前高校辅导员队伍建设的总体成效是好的,但由于主客观因素的影响,高校辅导员的理论素养与用科学理论武装头脑指导实践的能力还有待提高。必须把提高高校辅导员政治素质放在首位,才是加强高校辅导员队伍建设的正确路径选择。提高高校辅导员用科学理论武装头脑的能力与境界,关键是要坚持和完善教育培训和考评两个机制。     

The Role of Attention in the Development of Short-Term Memory: Age Differences in the Verbal Span of Apprehension

In previous studies of memory span, participants have attended to the stimuli while they were presented, and therefore have had the opportunity to use a variety of mnemonic strategies. In the main portion of the present study, participants (first- and fourth-grade children, and adults; 24 per age group) carried out a visual task while hearing lists of spoken digits and received a post-list digit recall cue only occasionally, for some lists. Under these conditions, list information presumably must be extracted from a passively held store such as auditory sensory memory. The results suggest that each individual has a core memory capacity limit that can be observed clearly in circumstances in which it cannot be supplemented by mnemonic strategies, and that the capacity limit appears to increase with age during childhood. Other, attention-demanding processes also contribute to memory for attended lists.     

Children's Teaching Skills: The Role of Theory of Mind and Executive Function

ABSTRACT— Teaching others effectively may rely on knowledge about the mind as well as self-control processes. The goal of this investigation was to explore the role of theory of mind (ToM) and executive function (EF) in children's developing teaching skills. Children 3.5–5.5 years of age ( N = 82) were asked to teach a confederate learner how to play a board game and were administered multitask batteries of ToM and EF with mental age, sex, and memory capacity as controls. There was a developmental increase in children's teaching skills (e.g., older children taught longer, explained more rules, and used more strategies when teaching). Examined separately, both ToM and EF explained unique variance in teaching skills over and above controls. Taken together, EF was a significant predictor of teaching efficacy over and above ToM and controls, whereas the same did not hold true for ToM. These results suggest that ToM may be a necessary prerequisite for teaching to occur; however, EF skills appear to play a vital role in children's teaching efficacy.     

3～5岁藏族儿童心理理论能力的发展

本研究以58名3～5岁藏族在园幼儿为实验对象,试图探究藏族儿童心理理论能力发展的一般变化趋势,结果表明藏族儿童心理理论的获得和年龄发展趋势与国内外有关儿童心理理论发展的结论有着跨文化的一致性,但也存在重要差异。藏族儿童在5．5岁时才基本形成错误信念理解能力,较国内外其他儿童晚一到半岁;3岁以后能理解外表与事实的区别;4岁以后能同时理解自己和他人的信念;5．5岁掌握他人行为预测任务。藏族儿童的错误信念理解不存在显著的性别差异。     

Age,Gender and Training in Children's Performance of Piaget's Horizontality Task

Six-hundred children from the ages of 5 to 9 years, balanced for sex and age, were administered Piaget's horizontality tasks using a square water bottle. They were then divided into three experimental groups, and re-administered the task with or without instructions. The first group completed the task using gradually specific instructions until the participants performed each item to criterion level. The number of instructions needed to perform to criterion level was recorded (training scores). The second group completed the task with traditional training where the correct answer was demonstrated. The third group completed the task without feedback. After a month, all of the participants were given a post-test consisting of the square water bottle task, as well as a verticality task that required a related principle. Children's pre- and post-test performance scores were classified into six stages. It was found that there was a significant sex difference in the pretest performance of the horizontality task beginning at 8 years of age. The graduated training group evidenced higher stage scores on the post-test than the demonstration group and the control group. The former demonstrated a more integrated understanding of stable external reference frames compared to the other groups.     

The Effect of Age and Task Difficulty

Electronic Performance Monitoring (EPM) is a common technique used to record employee performance. EPM may include counting computer keystrokes, monitoring employees' phone calls or internet activity, or documenting time spent on work activities. Despite EPM's prevalence, no studies have examined how this management tool affects older workers–a steadily increasing labor pool. In the current interdisciplinary study, 85 older (M=46.9 years) and 77 younger participants (M=22.1 years) were randomly assigned to perform a simple or difficult computer data‐entry task under two conditions: monitored or not monitored. ANCOVA results indicated that EPM decreased performance and induced higher stress levels compared to non‐monitored conditions when computer experience levels were controlled. Additionally, older adults showed a trend of being more impacted by EPM when compared with younger adults. Results are discussed in terms of how EPM might be most effectively used by organizations while minimizing employee stress levels.     

Preschool Verbal and Nonverbal Ability Mediate the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and School Performance

We compared the extent to which the long-term influence of family socioeconomic status (SES) on children's school performance from age 7 through 16 years was mediated by their preschool verbal and nonverbal ability. In 661 British children, who completed 17 researcher-administered ability tests at age 4.5 years, SES correlated more strongly with verbal than nonverbal ability (.39 vs. .26). Verbal ability mediated about half of the association between SES and school performance at age 7, while nonverbal ability accounted for a third of the link. Only SES, but not verbal or nonverbal ability, was associated with changes in school performance from age 7 to 16. We found that SES-related differences in school performance are only partly transmitted through children's preschool verbal abilities.     

Age-Related Effects of Study Time Allocation on Memory Performance in a Verbal and a Spatial Task

Past studies have suggested that study time allocation partially mediates age relations on memory performance in a verbal task. To identify whether this applied to a different material modality, participants ages 20-87 completed a spatial task in addition to a traditional verbal task. In both the verbal and the spatial task, increased age was associated with poorer utilization of study time, suggesting that age differences in study time allocation are qualitatively similar across material modality. Furthermore, age differences in how individuals allocated their study time partially mediated the age relations on memory performance in both tasks, indicating the importance of effective regulation of study time when learning information. Finally, age differences in study time allocation did not appear to be due to differences in awareness of performance. When a subset of participants was asked about their prior performance, awareness of previous performance was not associated with study time allocation on either task. Interestingly, asking participants about their prior performance tended to decrease recall performance. Overall, these results illustrate that how one allocates study time is related to subsequent memory performance in both a verbal and spatial modality, but knowledge about prior performance is not associated with study time utilization, and inquiring about past performance during study may disrupt rather than facilitate learning.