运动技能内隐认知抗干扰性与抗应激性的试验研究

运动技能的外显认知需要注意力高度集中,在分心情况下运动技能的表现与发挥容易受到干扰,通过外显认知所获得的运动技能在紧张、压 力情景下成绩表现有较大的波动性。为考察运动技能的内隐认知是否也具有同样的特征,运用文献资料法、试验等方法,以序列反应时为试验主任 务,以视觉干扰（记忆7位数字串）为第2任务,将80名大学生随机分为4组,分别进行外显单任务、外显双任务、内隐单任务与内隐双任务的练习,在 低、高应激状态下分别进行运动技能的学习效果测试。结果表明：内隐双任务组能自动获取复杂技能中所有隐含的潜在规则,内隐认知不受（至少 少受）分心的影响;不同的认知方式和练习策略所获运动技能在不同应激状态下的学习效果也不同,与低应激条件下的学习效果相比,高应激条件 下单任务内隐组和双任务外显组反应时上升不显著,而外显单任务组反应时显著上升,内隐双任务组反应时显著下降。由此可见,内隐认知在分心 条件下同样能获得运动技能,具有抗干扰性特征;内隐认知所获运动技能在紧张、压力条件下成绩发挥稳定,具有抗应激性特征。研究启示人们,在 运动技能训练中增加内隐成分与分心练习不仅不影响运动技能的获得,而且对运动员在比赛中增强抗压能力可能具有重要作用。     

认知方式与运动竞技

采用文献资料综合分析法探讨了认知方式与竞技运动之间的关系,揭示了不同运动项目运动员认知方式的特点及其对运动成绩的影响。分析了竞技运动中运动员较强场独立性的形成和发展规律,为未来深入研究该领域的某些复杂问题提供了思路。对于更深刻地认识个体认知方式对个体运动单项、团体运动项目的影响,以及研究运动员在运动情境下信息加工过程特点与规律有着非常重要意义。     

电子竞技运动:基于虚拟现实的认知博弈

运用认知理论分析了电子竞技运动中的认知策略与决策行为特点,以及在虚拟竞技状态下运动主体与虚拟角色的交互作用。运动员的竞技水平不仅取决于运动技术能力,还取决于运动员内在加工的高效性与精确性,如模式识别的速度,对有效线索提取的效率,以及运动决策等因素。     

运动认知测量方法综述

主要从运动认知过程本身的特点出发,对注意特征、知觉能力、知觉预测、视觉搜索策略、运动思维与决策领域的测量方法及特点进行了分析讨论,并指出,虽然测量的内容范围相当广泛,但仍存在如下问题:非运动情景、简单运动情景设置偏多;指标的综合性较差;能反映运动认知过程内在机制的测量方法尚不多见。认为今后的研究方向应是:寻找复杂运动情景下、多指标综合测量、反映运动认知过程内在机制的测量方法,并需要高度重视与认知有关的大脑兴奋水平。     

基于认知负荷理论视野下的运动技能教学设计原理研究

提高运动技能获得效益的最大化是运动技能教学或训练中所追求的终极目标,但传统的运动技能教学往往忽视了学习者的认知,尽管进行了详细的讲解但仍不能取得良好的学习效果。认知负荷理论从认知结构入手,主要关注学习者在获取外来的资源分配和问题解决的资源分配,以及这两者在记忆空间分配平衡与否,直接或间接影响到学习者的记忆效能。简单运动技能教学设计通过增加学习者关联性认知负荷促进学习者图式的建构;复杂运动技能教学设计除了调控学习者的内部认知负荷外,还应降低学习者的外部认知负荷;初学者运动技能教学设计起始阶段降低外部认知负荷,伴随着学习者专业水平的提高应采取多步法教学设计策略;具有一定前知识学习者的教学设计应提供内容交互性大的复杂性材料和复杂的学习环境,尽量满负荷工作。     

运动技能获得中内隐认知与外显认知的相互作用研究进展

5外显认知与内隐认知是运动技能认知的两种模式.外显认知是指一种是有日的、受意识控制的、需要付出意志努力并采取一定策略来获取知识的过程,是人们学习运动技能的主要认知模式.内隐认知是指无意识认知.它包括内隐记忆、内隐学习及内隐知觉等认知范式.在运动技能的外显认知中,当指导者提供的外显指导具体且准确,与学习者所要探寻的规则一致时,将促进运动技能的形成,否则将起到阻碍作用.复杂运动技能的学习更适合于两种认知模式的协同化,即先内隐认知后冉外显认知可以使技能学习效果达到最好.     

初中体育运动逻辑重构教学探析

在运动技能的教学过程中,关注学生运动技能学习的内在结构,分清学习和掌握运动技能的层次结构,对提高教学质量有着重要的意义。有学者经过研究,构建了运动技能生成过程的"动作符号学习、运动逻辑学习、应用意义学习"三个基本层次,提出小学高年级、初中学生的体育学习主要是运动逻辑学习。文章对此经过实践探索,提出初中体育运动逻辑重构教学方式,把学生需要学习的技能动作与学生已有的技能进行组合,构成临时的运动逻辑进行教学,逐步过渡到正常的运动逻辑学习的过程,以适应当前初中体育运动逻辑学习的现实。     

浅谈体育学的一个基本概念—身体(运动)性认知

身体（运动）性认知在人类认知体系中处于相对独立和基础性地位。身体（运动）性认知与概念性认知、形象性认知等认知形式既有联系又相区别,有其内在的逻辑。身体运动自身既是“心”的一种存在或表现形式,也是人与世界对峙中的一种媒介。     

一般自我效能与冰雪运动参与的关系：一个有中介的调节模型

为探讨一般自我效能与冰雪运动参与行为的关系,揭示锻炼自我效能和锻炼效果认知在一般自我效能与冰雪运动参与行为间的作用机制,采用问卷法对366名大学生进行调查。结果表明:(1)一般自我效能通过锻炼自我效能的部分中介作用间接预测冰雪运动参与行为;锻炼效果认知调节一般自我效能和冰雪运动参与行为的关系;整体模型检验发现,一般自我效能、锻炼自我效能、锻炼效果认知、冰雪运动参与行为构成了一个有中介的调节模型;(2)一般自我效能和锻炼自我效能是两个不同且有联系的层次。本研究结果扩展了锻炼行为的研究领域,有利于揭示冰雪运动参与的影响因素和内在作用机制,对促进大学生乃至全民冰雪运动参与具有一定启示意义。     

运动技能两侧性迁移认知事件相关电位(ERP)实验研究

关于运动技能两侧性迁移的机制主要有认知学说和肌肉激活学说，但对于两侧性迁移的特征与模式依然存在争议和不确定性。应用认知事件相关电位（ERP）对迁移的机制进行了研究。行为指标实验证实了两侧性迁移的发生和迁移不对称性的存在；通过训练掌握技能后，皮层认知电位也发生动态改变，反映了技能学习过程中认知加工的痕迹和适应性，这种变化在非练习手也出现相似的特征，从皮层动态变化结果证实了两侧性迁秽的发生；通过运动准备偏侧电位（LRP）的测量，不支持通道模式对两侧性迁移不对称性机制的解释；技能熟练后所产生的最高波幅向Cz区转移的特征以殛LRP的正确激活，有可能成为评价技能形成和熟练程度的指标。     

Cognitive-Motor Relationships in the Growing Years

Abstract

Jerry R. Thomas describes the changes in information processing during childhood and adolescence and how these changes affect motor performance. Thomas reviews several of the processes in memory that change with development to produce increased performance, in particular, processing speed and control processes such as rehearsal. Children and adults are compared, and examples of practical applications in the area of motor development are presented. The second contribution to this section, by G. Lawrence Rarick, elaborates upon the impact of movement experiences on cognitive functions and academic achievement of the child, in particular the learning-disabled. Rarick discusses the cognitive processes involved in the acquisition of motor skills as well as intellectual abilities, and suggests that the nature of the processes may differ depending upon whether the task is primarily motor or intellectual.     

基于学习结果理论的体育教学评价体系构建

以学习结果理论为基础,构建目的为导向、行为表现为结果的体育教学评价系统可以为认识有效体育教学提供支持和帮助,为进一步认识体育学科价值提供理论依据。研究认为：体育教学的效果可以通过观测学习者进行体育学习后其行为的变化来评价;具体可从运动技能、言语信息、态度、智慧技能及认知策略五个方面进行评价;评价内容涉及学习中的动作掌握、语言陈述、态度变化、辨别、概念、规则、思维及认知等方面。     

Modelling coaching practice: the role of instruction and demonstration

In this paper, we review the empirical literature pertaining to the effectiveness of instructions and movement demonstrations. Initially, we examine existing theories and approaches that try to explain the process of skill acquisition so as to determine implications of these theories for instructional provision. This is followed by an evaluation of studies in the motor learning literature in which pre-practice information has been manipulated. Explicit learning strategies are contrasted to implicit and discovery learning methods, and current explanations for instructional effects are discussed in terms of such mechanisms as effects-related attentional focus and movement variability. In the final sections, we review data from our own laboratory where pre-practice information has been manipulated during the learning of a novel bimanual coordination task. From these studies, proposals are made to try and explain how pre-practice information works to effect the process of skill acquisition, including the selection and execution of a response and the processing of associated feedback. An important role is given to the existing skills of the learner in understanding the instructions and performing the desired movement. Finally, we suggest some practical implications of this empirical evidence for the teaching of motor skills.     

Modelling coaching practice: the role of instruction and demonstration

In this paper, we review the empirical literature pertaining to the effectiveness of instructions and movement demonstrations. Initially, we examine existing theories and approaches that try to explain the process of skill acquisition so as to determine implications of these theories for instructional provision. This is followed by an evaluation of studies in the motor learning literature in which pre-practice information has been manipulated. Explicit learning strategies are contrasted to implicit and discovery learning methods, and current explanations for instructional effects are discussed in terms of such mechanisms as effects-related attentional focus and movement variability. In the final sections, we review data from our own laboratory where pre-practice information has been manipulated during the learning of a novel bimanual coordination task. From these studies, proposals are made to try and explain how pre-practice information works to effect the process of skill acquisition, including the selection and execution of a response and the processing of associated feedback. An important role is given to the existing skills of the learner in understanding the instructions and performing the desired movement. Finally, we suggest some practical implications of this empirical evidence for the teaching of motor skills.     

Analogy motor learning by young children: a study of rope skipping

Research in psychology suggests that provision of an instruction by analogy can enhance acquisition and understanding of knowledge. Limited research has been conducted to test this proposition in motor learning by children. The purpose of the present study was to examine the feasibility of analogy instructions in motor skill acquisition by children. Thirty-two children were randomly assigned to one of the two instruction protocols: analogy and explicit instruction protocols for a two-week rope skipping training. Each participant completed a pretest (Lesson 1), three practice sessions (Lesson 2–4), a posttest and a secondary task test (Lesson 5). Children in the analogy protocol displayed better rope skip performance than those in the explicit instruction protocol (p?<?.001). Moreover, a cognitive secondary task test indicated that children in the analogy protocol performed more effectively, whereas children in the explicit protocol displayed decrements in performance. Analogy learning may aid children to acquire complex motor skills, and have potential benefits related to reduced cognitive processing requirements.     

The Post Knowledge of Results Interval: Effects of Interpolated Activity on Cognitive Information Processing

Abstract

The present study investigated the effects of interpolated activity on the cognitive information processing operations occurring during the post knowledge of results (KR) interval. Eighty right-handed subjects were randomly assigned to four post-KR interval activity groups and required to complete the McCloy blocks test of multiple response to a criterion of three consecutive errorless trials in less than 35 sec each. The four post-KR intervals included: (1) interfering verbal cognitive activity, (2) attention-demanding verbal activity, (3) attention-demanding motor activity, or (4) rest. Orthogonal planned comparisons indicated that the post-KR interval activity groups differed from the rest group on the acquisition of the criterion task. Comparisons of verbal versus motor, and of interfering verbal cognitive versus attention-demanding verbal activities revealed no significant findings. Additional findings indicated no significant relationship between criterion and interpolated activity performance. Discussion centered on the role of KR in hypothesis selection and evaluation during the post-KR interval, and on the debilitating effects of interpolated activity on this process.     

Do cognitive training strategies improve motor and positive psychological skills development in soccer players? Insights from a systematic review

ABSTRACT

Soccer players are required to have well-developed physical, technical and cognitive abilities. The present systematic review, adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, examined the effects of cognitive training strategies on motor and positive psychological skills development in soccer performance and identified the potential moderators of the “cognitive training–soccer performance” relationship. Thirteen databases were systematically searched using keywords related to psychological or cognitive training in soccer players. The review is based on 18 studies, employing 584 soccer players aged 7–39 years. Cognitive strategies, particularly imagery, appear to improve sports performance in soccer players. Regarding imagery, the combination of two different types of cognitive imagery training (i.e., cognitive general and cognitive specific) has a positive influence on soccer performance during training, whereas motivational imagery (i.e., motivational general-arousal, motivational general-mastery and motivational specific) enhance competition performance. Younger soccer players employ cognitive general and cognitive specific imagery techniques to a greater extent than older soccer players. Combined cognitive training strategies were more beneficial than a single cognitive strategy relative to motor skills enhancement in elite (particularly midfielders) and amateur (i.e., when practising complex and specific soccer skills in precompetitive period) soccer players. In conclusion, it appears that there are differences in cognitive/psychological training interventions, and their efficacy, according to whether they are directed towards training or competition, and the age, standard and playing position of the players.