The international transferability of immigrants’ human capital

This paper uses the approach in the under/over education literature to analyze the extent of matching of educational level to occupational attainment among adult native born and foreign born men in the US, using the 2000 Census. Overeducation is found to be more common among recent labor market entrants, while undereducation is more likely among older workers. Among immigrants, greater pre-immigration labor market experience is associated with poorer job matches, presumably due to the less-than-perfect international transferability of foreign experience. A longer duration in the US, however, is associated with a lower probability of being overeducated and a greater probability of being undereducated. This is consistent with immigrants being favorably selected for occupational advancement but this effect becomes realized only after overcoming the disadvantages of the less-than-perfect international transferability of their pre-immigration skills.     

Maintaining Inequality Despite Expansion: Evidence of the Link between Parents' Education and Qualitative Differences in Educational Attainment

The restructuring of the Australian labour market decreased demand for low‐skilled workers and increased demand for highly skilled workers and professionals further strengthening the relationship between educational and occupational attainment. To satisfy the demand for highly educated workers, the government reorganised the higher education sector increasing the number of universities and trebling the number of places for domestic undergraduate students. Analysing data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey, this paper examines the association between parents' education and the likelihood of graduating from university for six birth cohorts of Australians. Overall, the findings suggest that although the expansion of the higher education sector in Australia provided alternative pathways into university, differences in educational attainment, on both quantitative and qualitative dimensions, persist.     

论职业指导与职业教育的和谐发展

职业指导与职业教育只有相互配合，才能促进人的职业发展。基于学生对职业指导的需求增大以及我国逐渐重视对职业与职业领域的研究，二者的和谐发展已成为可能。构建和谐发展之路，关键于营造职业教育发展的良好氛围，大力宣传与提倡职业指导，并加强职业指导理论的研究，完善职业指导的实施体系，同时加强对职业指导工作的监督与评价。     

城市化进程中福建女性职业教育发展及期望

城市化水平是一个国家或地区经济发展水平的重要标志,女性职业教育与城市的发展有着密切的关系。本文阐述女性职业教育在城市化进程中的重大作用,分析影响女性职业教育之因素及改善对策,提出政府必须为女性职业教育立法并完善管理体系建设,提升女性职业教育的自觉性,引导女性职业生涯发展。     

Social inequity and educational expansion in Slovenia

The study examines the relationship between social inequalities (stratificational, gender and other disparities) and schooling, including academic attainment, longitudinally, in Slovenia. The issue is indicated most clearly at the tertiary education level. The basic finding is the parallel between educational expansion and the diminution of social inequalities as measured by standard parameters. This was particularly evident in the 1990s. Inequalities are measured in terms of gender, parental education and occupation. The impact of parental education proves to be an indicative, observable and longitudinally comparative measure. Parental occupational status is also clearly linked to their children’s scholastic attainment, although there are difficulties in the formation of occupational strata. Further considered is the impact of school reforms over a lengthier period of time; there was not, however, any detectable impact. School and welfare policies, even financing, have little significance. There are clear indications that social disparities at school are continually regenerated, despite the decline established by standard measures. New forms of social disparities appear, through which the privileged ensure the continuation of privilege.     

职业技能大赛对职业教育发展的影响与对策

国内人才需求结构的转变使得职业教育越来越受到相关部门以及社会公众的重视,职业教育是我国整个教育体系的重要组成部分,更直接关系到社会经济的发展。而近年来各地大力举办的各类职业技能大赛,对于职业教育的发展产生非常重大的影响。基于此,客观分析职业技能大赛对于职业教育的促进和引领作用,并探讨由此带来的消极因素及相应的对策,以期职业院校能够明了行业的最新发展动向,克服大赛带来的消极因素,充分发挥职业技能大赛的引导作用,使职业教育更加贴近生产实际,走可持续的发展道路。     

The colour of skill: contesting a racialised regime of skill from the experience of recent immigrants in Canada

This article contests a racialised skills regime in Canada. Canadian studies of the labour market transitions of skilled immigrants are analysed through the lens of critical race theory. The analysis shows that knowledge and skills of recent immigrants in Canada are racialised and materialised on the basis of ethnic and national origins. Skin colour is a central basis of social marking. Through processes of de-skilling and re-skilling, a racialised regime of skill has become a social engineering project for manufacturing normative, white, docile corporate subjects who conform to Canadian norms and workplace cultures. The study demonstrates that skill is not colour-blind; it is coloured. Skill is not only gendered and classed, but it is also racialised. The findings move us beyond the traditional colour-blind, gender- and class-based analyses of skill that fail to account for racial differences in the social construction of skill.     

家庭经济和文化资本对子女教育机会获得的影响

根据国家统计局2000年的城镇住户调查数据,运用对应分析方法,建立相关计量模型,分析经济资本和文化资本对子女高等教育和中等教育机会获得的影响程度;并在此基础上,比较不同职业阶层子女教育机会获得的差别。研究结果表明:家庭文化资本和经济资本占有量位居前列的优势社会阶层,其子女接受的教育层次主要为高等教育;而文化资本和经济资本占有量均处劣势的社会阶层的子女接受的主要是中等教育和初等教育。另外,家庭文化资本对子女高等教育机会获得的影响明显大于家庭经济资本,而家庭文化资本对子女中等教育机会获得的影响略大于家庭经济资本。     

以职业技能竞赛推进职业教育教学改革

职业技能竞赛是检验职业教育教学改革成效的重要手段,是推动职业教育改革发展的动力。职业技能竞赛的健康发展推动了人才培养模式和课程体系的改革、带动了师资队伍的建设和人才培养质量的提升。     

The Education–Occupation Match,Seen From an Educational Perspective

This is a Swedish study about the correspondence between higher education studies and the obtained profession considering both skill level and specialisation. The labour market position in 2002, for a student population, aged 26–28 years, was analyzed. Also those students who had not obtained a degree, but who had studied at least two years were included. Income was not considered when a match was determined. Social class background did not have any effect on matching when types of higher education studies were the same. It was more likely that a woman would find a matching employment than a man. Having a degree improved the chances of obtaining a matching profession by three times.     

素质教育在高等职业教育中的地位和作用

在高等职业教育中,强化专业技能技术的系统调练容易形成共识,其实素质教育也同样具有重要的地位和作用,虽然从不同的角度对训素质教育可能有不同的诠释,但教授学生必备的人文社科知识,培养他们求真做真人的思想意识应该得到高等教育工作者的重视.摆正知识、专业与素质的关系,促进三者协调发展,建立一套与此相适应的有效制度,对于以职业需要为导向的高职教育,是个值得关注的重要议题.     

医学高专应大力发展医学高等职业教育

客观论述了医学高等专科学校在办学实践中应创造条件、把握机遇、大力发展医学高等职业教育的原因、职责与要求 ,发展过程中 ,应当深入调查 ,拟定科学发展规划 ;明确目标 ,注重卫技人才岗位能力培养 ;优化条件 ,全面建设医学高职教育教学体系 ;改革创新 ,不断开创医学高职素质教育新局面     

A Human Capital Approach to Discriminations: Matching Workers and Jobs

ABSTRACT : Much of the research on discrimination in the labor force has focused on attainment for different groups, once differences in human capital had been accounted for. Unfortunately, this literature often uses proxies for human capital, like education and training, that may be already biased against certain groups who have limited access to quality developmental experiences. What is missing in this literature is a direct measure of individuals' capability such that the inefficiency of a biased market in allocating human capital to jobs can be more clearly identified. This piece will explore the role of a direct measure of human capital-cognitive ability-as one method to examine discrimination in the workplace. Bias is calculated by evaluating the match between worker ability and occupational complexity across different groups. The author highlights relevant literature on ability, occupational mobility, and occupational match and concludes with some propositions to guide future research.     

The returns to UK degrees for foreign‐educated graduates

Exploiting information on foreign qualifications for the first time, we estimate the returns to obtaining UK higher degrees for foreign graduates who migrated to the UK in their 20s. Accounting for direct measures of foreign and UK qualifications and country‐of‐origin fixed effects, we find substantial returns to obtaining UK (higher) degrees on hourly wages and occupational attainment for both genders, working mainly through occupational attainment. However, there is strong evidence that the effect of the high returns is driven by immigrants from countries where English is not a dominant language. Moreover, returns to UK (higher) degrees are more pronounced for graduates from low‐HDI/GDP countries, suggesting an important role for the incompatibility of education and skills between home and destination countries. We further examine the robustness of our results by using a partial identification method, and our findings suggest that the extent of selection on unobservables required to eliminate a positive treatment effect is too large to be plausible, especially for men. Our study extends previous research with the first evidence from the UK, by showing large positive effects of post‐migration investments in human capital acquisition on labour market outcomes. Obtaining UK higher degrees appears to reduce the informational uncertainty associated with foreign credentials, facilitate cultural and economic assimilation, and boost economic opportunities for foreign graduates, especially for those developing/poor country immigrants.     

Educational attainment of children of immigrants: Evidence from the national longitudinal survey of youth

This study investigates the educational attainment of children of immigrants in the United States. By employing a more detailed classification of children of immigrants, we examine whether a foreign place of birth of either parent or child affects the child's educational attainment. Our results indicate that the full-second generation (U.S.-born children with both foreign-born parents) achieves the highest educational attainment, while the full-first generation (foreign-born children with both foreign-born parents) achieves the second highest educational attainment compared to the other groups of children of immigrants and native children. Full-first and full-second generation females also achieve higher educational attainment than their native female peers. The results support the optimism theory of assimilation in which the educational attainment of children of immigrants relies on the combination of their foreign-born parents’ strong values on education and the children's English proficiency.     

Mapping the typology of transition systems in a liberal market economy: the case of Canada

This research explores links between tertiary education institutions and between tertiary education and the labour market as determinants of provincial and national transition patterns in Canada. The study consists of a provincial analysis that maps the typology of transition systems across Canada’s devolved federated tertiary education structure. The results show that, nationally: the links between education and work are relatively loose aside from regulated occupations; there is an emphasis on general education; and qualifications are used as a screen for entry to the labour market. However, while Canada can be broadly understood as a liberal market economy, there is provincial diversity within the nation; and there are varying logics for the development of skill, deployment of labour, and relations between institutions. The institutional and policy frameworks, structure of jobs, and formation of skill in Canada’s largest provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec reveal diverse characteristics of transition systems. However, despite internal differentiation in the value of vocational education, variations at the provincial level have not been enough to shift the federal pattern as a whole. Instead, in Canada vocational education is generally stigmatised and viewed as signalling low ability and motivation.     

A commentary on the social responsibility of occupational therapy education

As one of the allied health professions, occupational therapy has adopted a primarily clinical focus on human occupation (or the process of daily life) and this is reflected in education, which has until recently tended to overlook contextual social factors such as poverty, marginalisation, exclusion, unemployment, incarceration and immigration. However, daily life is enabled, and potentially dis-abled, along the axes of several cultural and political constructs, such as gender, employment status and ethnicity.

This article presents a critical commentary of the social responsibility of occupational therapy education. Furthermore, it discusses the need for educational practices that can enact an integration of personal and professional perspectives so as to lead to a more holistic understanding of occupation, incorporating not only clinical but also social and political factors.

This article argues for the development of a political approach to occupational therapy education that can lead to an awareness of the cultural influences that they bring to their workplace, and a critical consideration of concepts such as ‘justice’ and ‘occupation’. The development of a political practice of occupational therapy calls for an appreciation of the diversity of human occupation and the circumstances that enable it and can be realised through the establishment of innovative educational partnerships, such as community–university collaborations.     

心理咨询员的素质结构与个人成长

作为一名合格的心理咨询员必须具备一定的知识、技能与适当的人格结构,主要包括扎实的心理学理论基础、丰富的心理咨询专业知识、合理的多元的知识结构、熟练的咨询技能与一定的社会生活阅历以及与心理咨询职业相匹配的人格特点;心理咨询员要实现个人成长必须时刻维护自身的心理健康,经常检讨自己的专业修养与职业道德,定期寻求和接受行业督导,在咨询中与来访者一起成长。     

自我赋权视角下的农民工社区教育

随着农民工社区教育的深度推进,农民工对于自身的主动性和反思性逐步增强.从实践经验来看,农民工社区教育可以分为知识技艺教育、公民价值观教育和批判性主体意识教育三个层次;从自我赋权视角出发,在社区教育中,农民工并不是被动的教育对象,而是积极的行动主体;在社区教育过程中,农民工不断发现资源,积极突破农民工自身能力、所处的人际关系及社会制度等方面的局限.由此,农民工社区教育可以作为逐步培养公民社会基础的一个重要途径.     

The over-education of UK immigrants and minority ethnic groups: Evidence from the Labour Force Survey

The paper explores the incidence of over and under education and the effect on earnings for immigrants and natives who hold UK qualifications, drawn from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey 1993–2003. The paper also compares earnings penalties associated with over and under education across immigrant and minority ethnic groups for men and women. The results show that compared to Whites, Black African, Other Non-White and Indian men are more likely to be over-educated, whilst for women it is Indian and Pakistani/Bangladeshi's who are more likely to be over-educated. Estimating earnings equations shows significantly large over-education penalties for South Asian immigrant and native men, as well as White immigrant men, Black women and White UK born women. However, there are large returns to occupational skills for some minority ethnic and immigrant groups, over and above the returns to qualifications. It is suggested that these groups may therefore find it easier to find a suitable job for their UK education level if higher or further education programmes for immigrants were combined with occupational specific training.