University and vocational education,and youth labour market outcomes in Australia

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of university and vocational education, and other influences on a variety of labour market outcomes for Australian youths aged between 16 and 25. The six labour market outcomes investigated are: occupational status, hourly and weekly earnings, employment, unemployment and full-time work. The study finds that a bachelor’s degree has clear positive effects on each of these youth labour market outcomes, in contrast to vocational qualifications. Among men, vocational qualifications show no sizable positive effects on these outcomes. Among women, the higher-level vocational diploma is beneficial for employment and unemployment. In no instance are the positive effects of vocational education stronger than that for a bachelor’s degree. Many of these labour market outcomes are strongly associated with prior experiences of employment and unemployment. The findings suggest that policies, rather than focusing on expanding and reforming vocational education, should aim to ensure that young people quickly secure employment, preferably full-time, and avoid unemployment.     

Interactive groups for immigrant students: a factor for success in the path of immigrant students

Student’s learning is the result of a large number of interactions in all areas. Consequently, with an increasing number of intercultural students, we need to bring to the classrooms successful educational actions that enhance interactions and that have an impact on improving education. Based on the CONEXITO project, this article shows how interactive groups (IGs) have contributed to increase not only the educational success of native students but also the success of immigrant students in different schools of Spain, for which IGs have particular educational outcomes. The communicative qualitative data presents evidence that, especially focusing on them, IGs increase instrumental learning and facilitate the bonds of solidarity and mutual help.     

硕士生培养过程关键要素实证研究——基于中国研究生满意度调查

探究培养过程关键要素,可为提升硕士生培养成效、推进新时代研究生教育培养机制改革提供理论支撑和实践指导。本研究构建了硕士生培养过程关键要素影响模型,基于全国硕士生满意度时序调查数据,运用结构方程模型探讨硕士生培养过程关键要素及影响路径。根据研究结论,提出增强培养单位硕士生培养过程机制的系统化、体系化;建设成效导向的硕士生培养过程机制的相关管理制度;改善硕士生培养的基础条件等建议。     

航空工程全日制专业学位硕士高水平人才培养提升与实践

随着科技的进步与发展,社会对新型工程创新人才的需求越来越迫切。全日制专业学位硕士是一种高层次、应用型、复合型新型工程创新人才,其教育是一种全新的研究生培养模式。文章以航空工程为例,在剖析当前专业硕士教育中存在的问题及原因的基础上,从"创新专业硕士的培养理念,引导其全方面发展""引导社会力量积极参与专业硕士的培养过程,构建协同创新的培养体系"和"改革研究生课程教学方式,完善课程考核体系"三个方面提出了如何培养出高水平的专业硕士研究生的方法和措施。     

工科全日制专业学位硕士生招生、培养、就业联动机制研究

针对全日制专业学位硕士生存在的生源质量差、培养模式同质化和就业层次低端化等一系列的问题,结合辽宁工程技术大学土木工程学院全日制专业学位硕士生招生、培养和就业的实际情况,通过深入调研与分析,从校内培养、校企合作和高校间合作等角度找到工科全日制硕士招生、培养和就业之间的内在联系,构建了联动机制。研究结果表明:构建工科全日制专业学位硕士生招生、培养和就业联动机制有助于提高研究生招生、培养和就业质量,且对于学科建设与发展、产学研合作具有一定的推动作用。     

研究生创新能力培养的现状、问题及对策——基于实证的研究

创新能力的培养是当前研究生教育的重中之重。然而本次实证调查初步表明,目前高校硕士研究生培养工作在构成创新能力的四个要件,即冒险性、好奇性、想象力和挑战性的培养方面还存在着某些缺失,为此,对于硕士研究生培养的创新环境、课程教学、创新方法培训、导师指导等方面加以改进极有必要。     

新时期我国硕士研究生招生制度演变分析——兼论高校招生自主权的变化

通过汇总整理新时期我国硕士研究生主要招生工作文件,从招生计划、报考资格、考试录取、科目设置等四方面具体分析硕士研究生招生制度的演变发展和高校招生自主权的变化。研究生招生制度改革逐步赋予了高校在招生方面的自主权,但仍然非常有限,未来继续扩大高校招生自主权应作为硕士研究生招生制度改革的一个方向。     

The continuing politics of mistrust: performance management and the erosion of professional work

For the past two decades schools and teachers in New Zealand and elsewhere have been the subject of and subjected to intense public scrutiny of their performance and professional activities. In effect, policy solutions have cast teacher and school performance as a ‘problem’ to be solved/resolved via the intervention of the State. Consequently, the policy remedy has been the introduction of audit mechanisms such as systems of performance management to define, regulate and control teaching and teachers. That is, the State has directly intervened in the professional work and activities of teachers based on the flawed assumption that teachers cannot be trusted and therefore require the intervention of the State and its agencies to ensure their performance is aligned with organisational objectives. And while one of the hallmarks of a profession and professional practice is adherence to a set of prescribed standards, performance management has rendered teachers accountable to the State, not professional peers. And, as this article outlines, this has served to de‐professionalise teaching and teachers’ work.     

试析中国学徒制中师徒关系的变化

在师傅的引导下习得知识和技能的学徒制,从人类早期社会一直存在且发展至今。师徒关系也随着历史发展的脉络在不同形式的学徒制下演变至今,主要经历了“前学徒制”中家族父子之间、养父子之间的关系,在私人之外又具有了社会关系的性质,较强的宗法性,近代的过渡时期（夹杂宗法与雇佣色彩的不平等契约化形式到劳工管理制度下追求平等的进步式师徒关系）,责权利更加明确的学徒制阶段（教学契约化）,成为职业准备、就业过渡或者谋生准备的一种较佳的选择（亦师亦友多种角色相融合）。     

高师体育专业在校硕士研究生培养现状思考

通过广泛阅读文献资料,及对高师体育专业在校硕士研究生的学习、生活等方面的影响因素进行的调查、考证与分析,就高师院校体育专业在校硕士研究生的培养现状中出现的研究生入学“潜规则”、学科课程设置欠科学、导师遴选制度不完善、工具学科学习任务繁重、学生在校生活压力以及社会就业压力大等现象进行深入了解和阐述,并且提出解决问题的方法和策略,并列举改革方案作为高师研究生教育改革的理论支持。     

The role of culture,competitiveness and economic performance in explaining academic performance: a global market analysis for international student segmentation

A nation's culture, competitiveness and economic performance explain academic performance. Partial Least Squares (PLS) testing of 2252 students shows culture affects competitiveness and academic performance. Culture and economic performance each explain 32%; competitiveness 36%. The model predicts academic performance when culture, competitiveness and economic performance vary. A three-tier market categorisation enhances academic performance.     

Accounting for the gender gaps in student performance in reading and mathematics: evidence from 31 countries

In most countries, girls perform better than boys in reading but worse in mathematics. However, there is much variation between countries. Explanations for the gender gaps include the organisation of the school system, students' expectations and macro‐societal factors. The purpose of this paper is to account for gender differences in both reading and mathematics among 15‐year‐old students using data from the OECD's 2000 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) project. In most countries, school system factors are associated with the gender gap in reading but not in mathematics. Generally, gender differences in students' occupational expectations do not account for the gender gaps, although expectations contribute to the gender gaps in reading in New Zealand and the United States. Although several macro‐societal factors—the proportion of women in the workforce, societal inequality and public sector spending—are associated with the gender gap in reading, the correlations are only moderate, unstable and, importantly, are not associated with the gender gaps in mathematics. The much stronger association between the gender gaps in reading and mathematics across countries implies that they are both influenced by policy: the extent that countries have successfully implemented policies to promote the educational outcomes of girls and young women. In such countries the gender gap in mathematics is small or non‐existent but the gender gap in reading is relatively large. Policies shift both gender gaps in tandem.     

Science teacher shortage and the moonlighting culture: The pathology of the teacher labour market in Uganda

The Ugandan Government promotes the rapid expansion of secondary education and requires an emphasis on mathematics and science subjects at that level, but has a “market” approach to the recruitment of teachers. This study uses both national and local evidence to demonstrate that, not only are the teachers of these subjects too few for the policies to be effective, but many of them are employed in more than one school, and some in other work. This “moonlighting” trend, which contributes to problems of poor service, is seen as part of a questionable tendency to commercialise teaching. Policy changes and practical steps are suggested in order to regulate and reduce moonlighting.     

Managing the link between higher education and the labour market: perceptions of graduates in Greece and Cyprus

Abstract

The paper investigates the experience of employed higher education graduates in two countries with high rates of graduate unemployment. It examines the employment experience of graduates and their perceptions regarding the contribution of higher education to their employment and career prospects. Qualitative research was used to collect information from 58 university graduates in two Southern European countries, Greece and Cyprus. Respondents provided information on the skills and competencies acquired through higher education and utilised in the world of work. In both countries, modest links were reported between jobs and graduates’ field of study, as well as between knowledge and non-knowledge-based competencies acquired through higher education, and the requirements of the graduates’ jobs. The findings are used as the basis for suggestions that can enhance graduate employability and contribute to the management of the link between higher education and the labour market.     

清末广东鼠疫与民众心态探究——以《申报》为研究对象

清末广东爆发了传染率、死亡率极高的鼠疫。民众面对鼠疫的心态首先是恐惧,由恐惧而导致迷信,还表现为对西方现代防疫观念的排拒及造谣惑众。随着民众对鼠疫的深入认识,民众心态开始发生变化。了解民众对鼠疫的心态,对现代防疫工作有一定的借鉴作用。     

Investigating the influence of question type and cognitive process on academic performance in VCE Physical Education: a secondary data analysis

External written examinations are commonly used for determining student academic achievement. The influence of question type and cognitive process on examination performance in senior-secondary physical education is unclear. A secondary data analysis of Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) Physical Education examination data (2011; n?=?9,323, 2012; n?=?8,781) was conducted. Question type (multiple choice and short answer) and overall examination performance were compared and the predictive value of question type, cognitive process (based on Bloom’s revised taxonomy), and overall examination scores determined. In 2011 and 2012, students performed significantly better on multiple-choice questions; however, short-answer performance better predicted overall exam performance. A significant difference between marks achieved by cognitive level and grade (Ungraded [UG] – A+) was found. Low-achieving students (UG – D) were performing well below the examination mean across all questions. Developing higher order thinking skills for all students may lead to improved overall examination performance in VCE Physical Education.     

导师导思:“一体双翼”培养模式研究与实践

能力培养与思政教育是研究生教育落实立德树人的必然要求,导师是研究生教育实施和引导的关键力量。本文分析现有研究生培养体系中传统模式的局限性,提出立德树人根本目标框架下的"一体双翼"模式;即以"知识传授、科研实践"为主体的"能力翼"和以"品行养成"为主体的"思政翼"来常态化实现"导师导思"。以中国计量大学生物学学位点为例验证了"导师导思"式"能力"+"思政"双翼培养成效,为创新新时代立德树人培养模式提供借鉴。     

Barriers to higher education: commonalities and contrasts in the experiences of Hindu and Muslim young women in urban Bengaluru

Gender inequalities in educational attainment have attracted considerable attention and this article aims to contribute to our understanding of young women’s access to higher education. The article is based on our in-depth interviews with 26 Hindu and Muslim young women attending colleges in urban Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore), south India, and explores the barriers they confronted in fulfilling their aspirations. We highlight the similarities amongst the young women, as well as the distinctive experiences of the Hindu and Muslim interviewees. Financial constraints, lack of safety for women in public space, and gender bias, gossip and social control within the family and the local community affected Hindu and Muslim interviewees in substantially similar ways. For the Muslim interviewees, however, gender disadvantage was compounded by their minority status. This both underlines the importance of incorporating communal politics into our analysis and undermines popular discourses that stereotype Muslims in India as averse to girls’ and young women’s education.