Early Years in Europe: the development of European Union policy

The last 15 years has seen a new player on the field of early years policy ‐‐ the European Union. Originating in the Treaty of Rome in 1956, which founded the six country European Economic Community, the EU now consists of 15 member states and has its own institutions, including the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Court of Justice and the Council of Ministers. While economic objectives have always been at the heart of this enterprise, the EU also has a social dimension with social goals, set out in broad terms in the Maastricht Treaty on European Union:

The Community shall have as its task.. to promote throughout the Community a harmonious and balanced development of economic activities, sustainable and non‐inflationary growth respecting the environment, a high degree of convergence of economic performance, a high level of employment and of social protection, the raising of the standard of living and quality of life, and economic and social cohesion and solidarity among Member States (my emphasis) (Article 2)

In this paper I shall review the development of early years policy as part of this European social agenda, and consider some of the issues raised for policy making by this new and unique involvement of an international political entity.     

多途径开展职业指导工作

多途径开展职业指导工作，即实施职业指导“一把手”工程；转变师生就业观念；全程化进行职业指导；建立专业化职业指导师资队伍；开展学生素质测试；将职业指导与教学活动有机结合。     

职业指导与创业教育

职业指导是当今社会对教育赋予的使命，创业教育是社会发展对教育提出的新的教育要求，创业教育将是职业指导的重要内容。中国社会发展需要创新型人才，我国现阶段创业教育应突出强调转变学生的就业观念，提高学生的创业意识。增强学生的创业能力，鼓励毕业生自主创业，坚持多数人走先就业后创业之路。     

'The centre cannot hold': complexity and difference in European Union policy towards a learning society

The notions of lifelong learning and a learning society have been an important policy driver in the European Union at both the Commission and national government levels for a number of years. Overall, these policies aim to promote the twin goals of competitiveness in international markets and social cohesion within the still-expanding borders of the Union itself. To date, however, the impact of this emphasis on lifelong learning has been relatively slight. This article argues that this is in part because the policy process in relation to the development of a learning society is based on a view of governance and power that is open to reasoned dispute, and is, therefore, bound to disappoint in relation to its espoused goals. It is suggested that, rather than implementation being the main ‘problem’ of policy, the policy context inevitably generates many recontextualizations and renegotiations of meanings according to the situations and the actors involved, thereby undermining the notion of ‘implementation’ as a technical-rational process. It is argued that the complex negotiations enacted at local level reveal and are fashioned by tensions between the membership resources available to actors. This emphasizes complexity, diversity, and difference in policy processes, bringing to the fore a communicative and distributed approach to policy rather than one that is technical and centralizing.     

对高校职业指导工作开展的几点思考

在就业形势日益严峻的今天,加强和完善高校职业指导工作对全面推进人才培养模式改革具有重要意义。本文通过对当前高职院校职业指导工作现状进行深入地分析,提出关于教育职能、队伍专业化建设、基础服务、实践教育等方面的思考和建议。     

New skills for new futures: a comparative review of higher education guidance and counselling services in the European Union

The main results are presented of a study of thehigher education guidance and counselling services inthe Member-States of the European Union. The changingcontext of higher education in Europe, and itsimplications for guidance and counselling services,are discussed. The main trends in the development ofsuch services are outlined, including the results ofa task analysis covering the main guidance andcounselling roles. Implications forprofessinalisation and for training and professionaldevelopment are reviewed. It is suggested that aEuropean Master's degree could be a valuablecomplement to national training and qualificationstructures.     

高校辅导员就业指导工作机制研究——以贵州省高校为例

就业指导是做好就业工作的关键环节,而辅导员正是此环节的一线工作者。从当前辅导员队伍基本状况、辅导员对就业指导工作的认识,就业指导工作开展状况、辅导员就业指导能力培养、辅导员就业指导考核激励措施几方面对贵州省11所高校开展了调查。结果显示,各高校均已开始重视辅导员在就业指导工作中的重要作用,但辅导员就业指导工作机制的建设还不完善。学校应加强重视,建立招录、用人、培养、考核激励一体化的辅导员就业指导机制。     

Raising the profile of career guidance: educational and vocational guidance practitioner

In 2007 the International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance (IAEVG) launched the Educational and Vocational Guidance Practitioner credential (EVGP) as one means of formally acknowledging the knowledge, skills, and personal attributes that practitioners need in order to provide quality career development services to clients. This paper describes the foundational background to this initiative and some of the implications for training career practitioners and delivering career services.     

On the efficiency of career guidance

Specialist in educational and vocational guidance, designing courses to assist in guidance and decision-making, and the organization and development of guidance services. Inspector responsible for information and guidance in the Grenoble administrative area (Ministry of National Education) and, since 1988, Chief Inspector of Technical Education and Head of the Information and Guidance Service of the National Information Bureau on training courses an professions in Corsica. Member of several French and international bodies specializing in educational and vocational guidance.     

The most difficult career: Women's history in science

A short review of current feminist philosophy on the relationship between women and science is followed by a survey of recent work in the history of women's involvement in the sciences. The reasons for the late development of this sub‐field are explained, and the most recent work in it summarized. It is emphasized that women's history in science challenges received wisdom in both the history of science as ‘professionalization’ and current feminist philosophy, which, it is argued, proceeds from an insufficient concern with the historical diversity and complexity of women's relations with science.     

The development of career guidance and counseling in Taiwan

This paper presents a report on the development of career guidance and counseling services in Taiwan, Republic of China. Based on extensive interviews in 1983 and 1987 with leaders in public and private education, government agencies, and faculty and students in junior colleges and universities, the services currently provided are described as they interface with the educational system. Certain issues emerged from the research which may affect the further development of counseling services in Taiwan; guidelines are offered for addressing these. The issues discussed are: the stigma against counseling; the general resistance to change and the traditionalism of the educational system; the potential conflict between serving national labor needs and developing individual human potential; the stress produced by the educational system itself; the traditional emphasis on testing in schools and colleges; the need to professionalize counselors; and the judicious integration of western perspectives into an indigenous Chinese philosophy of counseling and guidance.     

职业指导中生涯自我效能的干预途径和方法

生涯自我效能是个体对自身有关生涯能力的认知判断，具有动机性作用，对个体一系列的生涯活动发挥着强有力的影响。生涯自我效能的形成和发展有其信息源，有关研究揭示了影响生涯自我效能形成和发展的有关因素。据此可以对个体的生涯自我效能进行干预，帮助个体改善其效能感。     

浅谈转基因食品安全问题及欧盟对其政策

转基因生物技术是20世纪人类所掌握的最重要的生命技术之一。到目前为之,人类在转基因生物技术领域已经取得显著成就,转基因生物也逐渐呈现出商品化、产业化的发展趋势。尤其是在农业生产领域,转基因生物技术与农业生产技术进行结合,被认为是农业可持续发展的最好途径。然而转基因技术引发的安全问题,尤其是食品安全问题,引发了世界各国的高度关注。各个国家纷纷运用法律和政策对转基因食品的安全风险进行预防和控制。     

The effects of the marketisation of career guidance services in the Netherlands

Since 1993, under pressure from the central government, asignificant part of the career guidance services in TheNetherlands has been marketised (i.e., has become a commercialisedbusiness). It is expected that such an operation will positivelyinfluence both the quality and quantity of the services provided.In this contribution will be examined whether this expectationhas been met or not. Have career guidance services becomeavailable to a greater number of people and has the quality ofthe services improved? The conclusion is that availability hasindeed increased but not as a consequence of marketisation andonly for those who can afford it financially. The quality of theservices is certainly not higher and may even be lower.     

大学生就业指导课程构建的新思考

近年来,各地高校陆续开设了大学生就业指导课。随着社会新形势的发展,对大学生就业指导课提出了更高的要求。本文通过对大学生就业指导课的现状进行分析后提出新的构建思路。