试析左联时期马克思主义文论译介的基本内容

左联时期,是中国马克思主义文论译介传播史上一个重要的历史时期。在这一时期,中国革命文学界先后向国内译介引进了文艺大众化理论与现实主义理论等马克思主义文论的重要部分,对当时以及以后中国的马克思主义文论建设、文学实践产生了重大而深远的影响。     

For Knowledge: Tradition,progressivism and progress in education—reconstructing the curriculum debate

This paper draws upon realist theories of knowledge and naturalised epistemologies in the philosophy of science in order to argue that databases around the school curriculum could benefit from such approaches. It is suggested that the traditional/progressive distinction that has structured much of the curriculum debate for a long time is both of little value in describing how schools actually work and outmoded in terms of understandings of knowledge. Realist approaches make a reappraisal possible because they begin from the understanding that knowledge is socially and historically constructed but do so in a way that avoids the relativism and reductionism that results when epistmology and the sociology of knowledge are seen as opposed rather than complementary. The paper reviews a number of ways in which knowledge has been conceived of as social in educational thinking and, from a realist perspective, criticises their reductive and relativist tendencies whilst outlining a realist epistemological alternative.     

A Mythical Realist Orientation for Religious Education: Theological and Pedagogical Implications of the Mythical Nature of Religious Story

This article proposes a concept of “mythical realism” as a way of understanding important characteristics of religion and orienting religious education. The focus is on beliefs as one central aspect of religion. The author draws on recent cognitive studies in religion to illumine the “counterintuitive” and “mythic” character of religious belief, while also arguing that religious thinking should be and commonly is held together with “intuitive,” “scientific” understandings of experiential reality. A case is made for the enhancement of “mythical realist” religious understanding as a fundamental goal of religious education. Pedagogical suggestions are given for nurturing such mythical realist faith.     

论塞拉斯的“两种映像”观——兼谈哲学研究的目标问题

塞拉斯把人类与世界之间的关系划分为"常识的"映像和"科学的"映像。他认为,前者是关于人类自己的概念,是一种前科学的、未受批判的、朴素的人类世界观,它定义了已有的哲学反思的一个端点;后者是一种经过反思、批判和逻辑加工形成的框架,是用假定感觉不到的客体和事件来说明能感觉到的客体与事件之间的相互关联。哲学研究的目标正是向着把这两种既相互竞争又相互补充的映像统一起来的方向发展的。这种观点促进了对整个哲学史的批判与反思,为科学实在论的辩护提供了方法论的借鉴意义。但是,他把人类概念思维的社会的、伦理的和价值的维度留给常识映像,把认知与说明维度留给科学映像的做法,有可能会加深自然科学与社会科学之间的分离;他对理论实体的本体论地位的论证方式有可能陷入"理论家的困境"。     

科学实在论与真理关系的消除主义进路

真理问题是科学实在论与反实在论争论的一个重要方面,科学理论为真或近似为真被视为科学实在论立场的必要部分。然而德维特主张实在论应当排除与真理有关的语义学和认识论,倡导无真理的实在论;此外,实在论的视角主义、建构经验论、依赖模型的实在论均可视为消除或削弱科学实在论与真理关系的尝试。上述立场构成了科学实在论与真理关系的消除主义进路,该认识有助于人们形成更恰当的实在观。     

Critical ethnography: The reflexive turn

This paper explores the recent debates on ethnographic writing by explicating four types of reflexivity: confessional, theoretical, textual, and deconstructive. It then illustrates how the author has incorporated such reflexive practices into his recent ethnographies. The paper generally advocates blending autobiography and ethnography into a ''cultural Marxist'' standpoint. This perspective also draws upon multiple epistemologies and feminist notions of science, and it highlights the importance of writing in ordinary language. Such narrative experimentation aims to replace the old scientific ethnographic realist narrative style with a more reflexive realist narrative style. The author argues that reflexive epistemological and narrative practices will make ethnography a more engaging, useful, public storytelling genre.     

‘Naked before Reality; Skinless before the Absolute’

There is an old argument in philosophy that attempts to undermine any realist account of truth and thus knowledge in science and elsewhere. This is the claim that we can never compare either our experiences of, or our beliefs about, reality with how reality is because, in order to check whether our experiences or beliefs correspond with reality, always further experiences or beliefs must intervene. Thus we can never have direct knowledge, or more strongly any knowledge at all, of how reality is. Constructivists take this to heart and look for accounts of knowledge that are anti-realist and coherentist and/or constructivist in which the role of the external world in knowledge claims is thoroughly downplayed or non-existent. This argument is a central tenet of constructivism both with respect to scientific knowledge and learning. The argument, though widespread, is not without serious difficulties that leave the realist position untouched.     

On the Possibility of a Scientific Theory of Scientific Method

Normative naturalism (NN), advocated by Larry Laudan, understands the principles of scientific method to be akin to scientific hypotheses which are then open to test like any principles of science. It uses a meta-inductive rule to test methodological principles against suitably presented episodes in the history of science. One strength of NN is that it provides the basis for a philosophical/historical research programme into the methodological strategies actually employed in the sciences. But for the philosopher interested in the grounds of scientific rationality NN is not without it difficulties such as: it adopts a strongly empiricist account of meta-method which rules out realist principles of scientific method from the test procedures; it uses principles of test which are either not agreed upon, or stray from the meta-inductive rule; it reveals its limits in presupposing answers, rather than offering solutions, to problems of scientific rationality.     

浅析麦卡里斯特的科学革命观

麦卡里斯特提出,科学共同体在理论估价中诉助审美标准是理性的行为,科学革命是科学共同体对以前审美规范的舍弃。科学家用于理论估价和选择的审美规范是通过审美归纳机制形成的。理论估价的标准有两个,一是经验标准;另一个是审美标准。只要科学目标不变,经验标准就始终有效,审美规范随着过去的科学理论的经验绩效的改变而改变。     

Progress at school: pedagogy and the care for knowledge

The importance of care for learners is recognised as fundamental of teaching: it is argued that teaching equally requires a care for knowledge. Within a realist theory, to care for knowledge, moreover, must involve taking into account its relationship to the real world. The implications of this ontological consideration are worked out with particular reference to Bourdieu's theory that social reproduction is effected in educational contexts where the arbitrary knowledge of the school is experienced, particularly by working-class students, as symbolic violence. The “universal pedagogy” advocated by Bourdieu may need, in fact, to be based on a scientific realism in which the definitive knowledge of the school is regarded not as arbitrary but as necessary. The case for a realist approach, reflecting the different classed, gendered, and cultural origins of students, is made in the context of a secondary school science lesson observed by the New Zealand longitudinal Progress at School project.     

How some college students represent their understandings of the nature of scientific theories

This study explores college students' representations about the nature of theories during their enrollment in a large astronomy course with instruction designed to address a number of nature of science issues. We focus our investigation on how nine students represent their understanding of theory, how they distinguish between scientific theories and non‐scientific theories, and how they reason about specific theories. Students' notions of theory were classified under four main categories: (1) hypothesis, (2) idea with evidence, (3) explanation, and (4) explanation based on evidence. Students' condition for deciding whether a given idea is a scientific theory or not were classified under six criteria: content domain, convention, evidence, mathematical content, methodology, and tentativeness. Students expressed slight levels of variation between their reasoning about scientific theories in general and specific theories they learned in the course. Despite increased sophistication in some students' representations, this study affirms the complex dimensions involved in teaching and assessing student understanding about theories. The implications of this study underscore the need to explicitly address the nature of proof in science and issues of tentativeness and certainty students associate with scientific theories, and provide students with more opportunities to utilize the language of science.     

Durkheim and Vygotsky's theories of knowledge and their implications for a critical educational theory

This paper is part of the ongoing work of the author and others in developing a social realist theory of knowledge for educational studies. It contrasts Durkheim and Vygotsky's theories and why both are important for educational theory. It begins by emphasizing the similarities between them; that knowledge has to be understood in terms of its historical development in human societies and that the acquisition of knowledge is the primary goal of formal education. In contrasting the ideas of the two writers the paper develops the distinction between ‘structure’ for Durkheim and ‘activity’ for Vygotsky and explores some of the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. It then examines how the ideas of the two writers have been developed by their leading followers in sociology and psychology‐ giving particular consideration to the work of Basil Bernstein and Yrjo Engestrom. It concludes with some broader issues concerning theories of knowledge in educational studies.     

Realism vs. Constructivism in Contemporary Physics: The Impact of the Debate on the Understanding of Quantum Theory and its Instructional Process

In the present study we attempt to incorporate the philosophical dialogue about physical reality into the instructional process of quantum mechanics. Taking into account that both scientific realism and constructivism represent, on the basis of a rather broad spectrum, prevalent philosophical currents in the domain of science education, the compatibility of their essential commitments is examined against the conceptual structure of quantum theory. It is argued in this respect that the objects of science do not simply constitute ‘personal constructions’ of the human mind for interpreting nature, as individualist constructivist consider, neither do they form products of a ‘social construction’, as sociological constructivist assume; on the contrary, they reflect objective structural aspects of the physical world. A realist interpretation of quantum mechanics, we suggest, is not only possible but also necessary for revealing the inner meaning of the theory’s scientific content. It is pointed out, however, that a viable realist interpretation of quantum theory requires the abandonment or radical revision of the classical conception of physical reality and its traditional metaphysical presuppositions. To this end, we put forward an alternative to traditional realism interpretative scheme, that is in harmony with the findings of present-day quantum theory, and which, if adequately introduced into the instructional process of contemporary physics, is expected to promote the conceptual reconstruction of learners towards an appropriate view of nature.     

Realists or pragmatists? “Reliable evidence” and the role of the educational psychologist

Outcomes of interviews with seven educational psychologists, focused on issues of epistemological and ontological positioning, are reported. The interviews were conducted within a qualitative, biographical research paradigm which examines the ways in which a person’s meaning-making is impacted upon by all aspects of their life experience. Thematic analysis suggests most participants are ambivalent about the scientific basis of their work and the contribution of peer reviewed research to their practice, and they regard the utility or social value of their professional practice as more important than its congruence with a recognised evidence base. This standpoint is compared to the philosophical position of pragmatism, which resists the assumptions of realist perspectives and contests the primacy of scientific methodology and methods in the establishment of knowledge claims. Implications for the professional practice of educational psychologists beyond the present study are discussed.     

Twenty-Five Centuries of Quantum Physics: From Pythagoras to Us,and from Subjectivism to Realism

Three main theses are proposed. The first is that the idea of a quantum or minimal unit is not peculiar to quantum theory, since it already occurs in the classical theories of elasticity and electrolysis. Second, the peculiarities of the objects described by quantum theory are the following: their basic laws are probabilistic; some of their properties, such as position and energy, are blunt rather than sharp; two particles that were once together continue to be associated even after becoming spatially separated; and the vacuum has physical properties, so that it is a kind of matter. Third, the orthodox or Copenhagen interpretation of the theory is false, and may conveniently be replaced with a realist (though not classicist) interpretation. Heisenberg's inequality, Schrödinger's cat and Zeno's quantum paradox are discussed in the light of the two rival interpretations. It is also shown that the experiments that falsified Bell's inequality do not refute realism but the classicism inherent in hidden variables theories.     

Risk in Science Instruction

Risk is always present in people’s lives: diseases, new technologies, socio-scientific issues (SSIs) such as climate change, and advances in medicine—to name just a few examples—all carry risks. To be able to navigate risks in everyday life, as well as to participate in social debate on risk-related issues, students need to develop risk competence. Science education can be a powerful tool in supporting students’ risk competence, which is an important component of scientific literacy. As there are different definitions of risk within the scientific community, the aims of this article are (1) to review the literature on two major theoretical frameworks for conceptualising risk, the realist, and the constructivist paradigms of risk and (2) to connect both in order to suggest a working definition of what can be understood as risk competence in science instruction.     

高校在推进科学理论进基层中的作用

党的十七大明确指出,开展中国特色社会主义理论体系宣传普及活动,推动当代中国马克思主义大众化。如何进一步丰富载体和拓宽渠道,从而更加深入有效地推动科学理论进基层是广大宣传思想工作者认真思考的理论和实践课题。本文在分析当前科学理论进基层工作存在问题的基础上探讨高校在推进科学理论进基层中的积极作用。     

Realism in the Sociology of Education: 'Explaining' social differences in attainment

The search for scientific explanation in sociology is an attempt to make statements about the causal mechanisms of social structures. The relationship between techniques of quantitative analysis and explanatory models of the association between social class and educational success, with particular reference to the work of Jencks, Boudon, and Bourdieu, are examined in the context of empirical data from the New Zealand 'Progress at School' project. The position of statistical model-building and non-quantitative studies in a realist sociology of education are explored in an examination of the central problem of the sociology of education: the causes of social differences in educational attainment.     

论当代中国教育理论的来源与贡献

教育理论在发展中受惠于传统教育理论、西方教育理论和相关学科理论,三大理论来源为教育理论提供了研究的问题意识、研究方法、研究传统,丰富了教育理论的表达方式,为研究中知识的增长和教育理论的发展进步提供了一种＂科学情境＂或＂科学氛围＂,以及在此情境与氛围的熏陶下形成了新的教育理论。     

先秦《墨经》哲学的历史价值

《墨经》哲学是先秦时期科学理论的杰出代表,在《墨经》哲学中墨家体现出能够运用严格的逻辑推理,抽象概括出一些科学定义,其中蕴含着的科学理性是同时代诸子百家所不能相比的,墨家科技思想反映了中国古代科技发展具有的特点和所达到的水平。