三轴加速度传感器系统在运动技术分析领域的研究与应用

为满足在运动训练过程中的人体三维空间技术特征研究的需要,开发一套三轴向加速度传感器系统.该系统由下位机和上位机两部分组成,其中下位机部分由加速度传感器、传感器拾取单元、数据处理单元、电源监测与保护单元和无线传输单元组成,上位机部分由数据采集和分析软件组成.该系统具有四通道同步采集功能,结合同步视频,可对运动员的肢体关节、比赛训练器械等技术组成要素进行运动学和动力学参数进行实时采集与分析.以体育训练中常用的杠铃深蹲训练为实验性应用领域,对速滑和举重两种项目的杠铃深蹲训练进行技术分析,通过对三轴加速度传感器采集数据的分析,找出不同项目间杠铃深蹲动作技术的特征与差异,为今后深入开展加速度传感器系统的开发与相关应用提供研究基础.     

体育项目运动学参数测量系统的比较研究

为了比较体育项目运动学参数测量系统的不同特点,该文对体育中常用的运动参数测量系统的原理进行了概述,分析了运动图像解析系统和光电运动检测系统各软件的特点。研究发现,各种运动参数测量系统有的向着高精度方向发展,满足科研人员对软件的要求;有的则向着普及化、智能化发展,对使用者要求较低。另外,软件兼容性也不断扩大。但目前软件的使用效率并不高,真正服务于日常运动技术分析的软件并不多。该研究期望为我国科研人员、教练员选择适合的运动参数测量系统提供参考。     

ST型自动化人体密度测量系统的研制

本研究的目的是充分利用自动化技术来改造身体成分研究中广泛采用的“水下体重测量系统”。ST型自动化人体密度测量系统的特点:1.陆地体重、残气量和水下体重的测量在一个系统内完成,减小了由多系统测量过程所造成的误差。人体密度测量精度可达到5×10~(-4)克/毫升。2.采用万向轴连节结构来消除测量水下体重时产生侧向剪切力这一国际性难题。3.该系统的数据采集和计算管理全部由微机完成,有效地提高了人体密度测量的可靠性和可重复性,而且反馈迅速,受试者更易于接受。     

LivePod LP2检测人体运动中能量消耗水平的信、效度检验

加速度传感器以其轻便、客观、精确等特点,在人体体力活动测量与评价中被广泛使用。LivePod LP2是一款国产新型加速度传感器,它基于3轴加速度MEMS传感器技术,采用人体动作智能模糊识别模型和个性化能耗模型测量人体运动中的能量消耗。对LivePodLP2在测量人体运动能量消耗的信度和效度水平进行了验证。26名受试者在4个不同部位佩戴LivePod LP2,在3种速度下(4km/h、6km/h、8km/h)运动。通过计算ICC,发现其值处于0.978～0.997;采用相关分析、配对样本t检验以及Bland-Altman分析法等方法对仪器和MAXII测量数据分析表明:LivePod LP2佩戴于右侧臀部上方,在慢跑速度水平下效度水平最高。LivePod LP2可以用于记录体力活动能量消耗,在日常应用中,用户可以选择将LivePod LP2固定于腰部来监测运动能量消耗情况。     

基于振弦式传感器的矿压检测系统

介绍了一种基于单线圈振弦式传感器的矿压检测系统,以STM32F103C8T6为主控芯片,采用反馈式低压扫频激振方法,使振弦在短时间内达到共振状态,经过两级信号放大电路、带通滤波器电路和迟滞比较器电路处理后,由主控芯片的输入捕获单元采集频率信号同时采集温度信号,对振弦式传感器信号进行补偿,通过电力载波通信模块把信号远距离传输到井上上位机,实现矿山压力的实时在线检测系统。     

跳台滑雪空中飞行初始姿态的实验研究

跳台滑雪运动与空气动力学因素密切相关。采用运动员进入风洞吹风实验的方法,并首次采用自制的力传感器,与发射、接收器组成了遥控测量系统,进行了实验测试。经分析计算之后,对跳台滑雪空中飞行的初始动作姿态提出一些建议。     

略论运动生物力学的研究方法与测量技术

文章认为:1,仅依靠牛顿分析力学的研究方法,运动生物力学只能停留在“研究人体机械运动规律”的水平,“走出系统”的研究方法适合于对活体系统的生物力学研究;2,“理论模型”需数据支持才具有应用价值,“数据模型”需相应的数学化才具有理论意义;3,活体运动过程的测量应建立参数采集与测量的标准化和参数分析与评价的专家系统;4,应界定常规参数和敏感参数,并区别参数间的平行关系和因果关系,测量精度的提高主要应依靠测量参数数字化过程的分析方法的进步。     

超超临界机组灰库料位计历次改进及现状

发电厂灰库是除尘设备中比较关键的部件,它将除尘过程中的废尘收集起来,但是灰库的容积是有限的,所以必须在灰库中灰尘装满之前就要有一个反馈信号给上位机,用来监视库内灰尘的变化,以便安排时间及时清理,使灰库得以持续工作.在这过程中上位机得到的反馈信号,就要靠料位计的探测来实现了.本文详细阐述了吕四港发电厂除灰系统灰库料位计历次改进的原因和重锤式料位计的使用现状.     

一种MEMS传感器的GPS盲区设备定位方法

针对室内定位GPS存在盲区的问题,本文提出了一种MEMS技术的室内定位解决方案。该方案利用MEMS微传感器,通过记录传感器运动姿态信息,结合设备初始GPS采集位置,实时计算传感器室内定位位置。实验结果表明：系统运行稳定、动态计算精度在0.1o以内,可准确记录传感器运动状态,能实现GPS盲区设备定位。     

多维测力传感器与三维测力平台的研制

(一) 前言在各种物理量的测量中,力的测量是最基本的。在现代科学技术领域内,越来越需要对三维空间动态力的动态变化过程的定量测量。对现代优秀运动员精湛运动技术的研究;对宇航飞行员各环节的运动动作及其受力的研究;医学工程中人体器官受力与假肢受力状态的研究;人体在劳动中的姿态及使用工具的设计研究;受神经支配的人体姿态     

Leisure Attitudes of Varsity Athletes vs. NonVarsity Athletes

Abstract

Students (N = 104) enrolled in four low fitness, one middle fitness, and one high fitness class in basic physical education classes at the University of Connecticut participated in a 4-week program of isometric exercises done with an adjustable nylon belt which was stabilized against various body segments. Low, middle, and high fitness classes were compared in the amount of improvement made in the 5 items in which significant gains had been made. The MWF classes which did 30 min. of isometric exercises for 12 class meetings were compared to the TTh classes which met for 8 class meetings and which did the same isometric exercise program and in addition did stretching exercises and ran a mile.

When all groups were treated together, mean gains of 1.1 in. in the vertical jump, .74 sec. in the agility run, .17 sec. in the 30-yd. dash, 151.9 lb. in the leg lift, and 57.0 lb. in the back lift were made. These were all significant at the 0.005 to the 0.0005 level. Small but significant gains were made in right and left grip, the Fait endurance hang, and the 380-yd. run. The low fitness classes made greater improvements in the leg lift, the vertical jump, and the agility run than did the middle or high fitness groups. The high fitness class made greater improvements in the back lift and in the 30-yd. dash than did the low or middle fitness classes. The classes which did only isometric exercises for a half-hour three times each week for 4½ weeks made greater mean gains in the vertical jump, the agility run, the 30-yd. dash and the back lift than did the classes which met for 60-min. periods twice each week for 4½ weeks and did stretching exercises and running in addition to the isometric exercises. However, the latter made greater gains in the leg lift.     

体育测量中确定测量次数的研究

体育测量中,通过增加重复测量次数可减小随机误差,达到提高测量的可靠性。但测量次数的增加,进行测量所付出的代价也会加大,特别是体育测量中还要考虑受试者的生理、心理承受能力及测量客观条件等因素。正确的确定所需测量次数,是进行体育测量首先要解决的实际问题。笔者对确定合适的体育测量次数进行分析和探讨。     

试述国民体质检测结果的解读与咨询

在体质测定工作中,测定是基础,评价是关键,咨询是核心。笔者根据10余年参加国民体质检测工作以及对万余名受测者的检测结果进行解读和面对面咨询的经验总结,并针对比较常用的仪器设备和检测指标,论述检测结果的解读和咨询,以期对更好地开展国民体质测定服务工作有所参考。     

体育测量评价中信度、效度检验的应用研究

对信度、效度的概念进行了解析,分析了其相互之间的关系,对信度和效度在体育测量评价中的应用领域及存在的问题进行了研究,并对信度、效度检验的应用研究提出了可行的建议,以期更好的控制测评情境,尽量降低信度和效度的误用几率及测评误差。     

Measurement Research: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?

First, where we have been regarding measurement research will be discussed since the type, quality, and quantity of measurement research conducted in the past influences the type of measurement research which is presently conducted. Second, where we are now regarding measurement research will be discussed since the type of measurement research presently being conducted will influence the type of research which will be conducted in the future. Certainly the present status of, trends in, and needed measurement research should be identified to guide measurement researchers in deciding what measurement research to conduct. Third, where we are going regarding to measurement research will be discussed.     

Validation of Self-Report Measures of Physical Activity

Abstract

Accurate measurement of physical activity is fundamentally important in epidemiological research of physical activity behavior. A widely used telephone-based physical activity questionnaire was compared with other methods of administration and objective measures (pedometers and accelerometers) among 80 adults (43 women). The telephone questionnaire was comparable to both the self-administered form and international telephone-administered equivalent. Although moderate correlation coefficients with objective measures supported the use of the questionnaire, wide prediction intervals generated using Bland Altman methods highlighted large discrepancies between the measures, particularly in the moderate intensity category. These findings illustrate the limitations of correlation coefficients in validation studies and the inaccuracy of self-report questionnaires in measuring physical activity.     

天津市幼儿(3～ 6 岁) 体质综合评价标准研究

对天津市１７３６名３～６岁幼儿进行１４项形态、机能、素质指标的测试,并对测试结果进行常规统计处理,筛选确定了１２项评价指标,采用百分位数法进行等级划分,形态机能素质各类评价指标的权重分别为２８％、２７％、４５％。本研究完成了天津市３～６岁幼儿体质综合评定标准,可对幼儿基本形态、心血管呼吸机能、神经系统反应功能、身体素质进行科学评价,在实际应用中效果良好。     

Book Reviews

Abstract

Carter, J. E. Lindsay, and Heath, Barbara Honeyman. Somatotyping: Development and Applications. (Cambridge Studies in Biological Anthropology, 5). Cambridge: Cambridge Univenity Press, 1990. pp. xiv, 503. Reviewed by Gaston Beunen, Study Centre for Physical Development Research, Institute of Physical Education, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

Clark, Jane E., &; Humphrey, J. H. (Eds.). Advances in Motor Development Research (Vol. 3). New York: AMS Press, 1990. pp. xi, 259. Index, references. Reviewed by Mary Ann Roberton, Bowling Green State University

Kyle, Donald G., and Stark, Gary D. (Ed.), Essays on sport History and sport Mythology. College Station, TX: Texas A&;M University Press, for the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. vi, 154. Reviewed by Synthia S. Slowikowski, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

MacDougall, J. D., Wenger, H. A., &; Green, H. J. (Eds.). Physiologiml Testing ofthe High Peifonnance Athlete. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1991. Pp, vii, 424. Tables, figures, photos, references. Reviewed by Paul Vaccaro, University of Maryland

Malina, Robert M., and Bouchard, C. Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetia, 1991, pp. 501. Index. Reviewed by Kathleen Haywood, University of Missouri–St. Louis

Metzler, M. Instructional Supervision for Physical Education. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1990. pp. vii, 248. References, index. Reviewed by Paul Paese, Southwest Texas State University

Parkhouse, Bonnie L, (Ed.). The Management of Sport: Its Foundation and Application. St. Louis: Mosby–Year Book, 1991, Pp. xviii, 404. Reviewed by Kathleen Davis, Northeastern University

Thomas, Jerry R., and Nelson, Jack K. Researda Methods in Physical Activity (2nd ed.), Champaign, Il.: Human Kinetics. 1990. 568 pp. Appendixes. Reviewed by Susan J. Hall, California State University, Northridge

Wells, Christine L. Women, sport, and Performance: A Physiological Perspective (2nd ed.) Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 1991, 367 pp. Reviewed by Ann Ward, University of Massachusetts Medical Center     

测量可靠性及其估价方法分析

测量的可靠性是评价测量质量的重要指标。一般认为测量的可靠性代表测量结果的准确性，这显然是一种误解，尤其是目前应用较多的几种可靠性估价方法似乎无法对可靠性作出正确的估价。为此，对于可靠性及其估价方法应重新加以审视和评析，以期重新认识并有所改善。通过分析和示例结果，可以得出如下结论：测量的可靠性不能完全表达测量结果的准确度；在可靠性定义中一致性不能由相关或相似性替代；在进行差异分析时，应注意重复测量结果的关联属性，并推荐使用非参数检验方法；可靠性分析不能替代误差分析与处理等其他方法。     

相对柔韧性测评有效性的研究

采用逻辑法和实验法，对相关柔韧性测评方法的有效性进行了分析。结果表明，在相关柔韧性测评时用比值法比线量法更有效。线量法与比值法高度相关或负相关，具有效标有效性。线量法在对柔韧性较差人群进行评价时，可能有一定不足。建议采取比值法进行相关柔韧性的测评。