辽宁女子赛艇运动员备战城运会期间生化监控与训练效果分析

辽宁女子赛艇队备战城运会期间,通过生化监控观察周期训练中运动员血红蛋白（Hb）和血尿素（BUN）的变化情况,应用赛艇测功仪进行最大能力2000m、5000m测试,对阶段训练效果进行评价。结果显示：训练量持续增大是引起运动员Hb下降的主要原因;通过BUN监测可了解运动员大负荷训练后恢复情况;测功仪测试所得功率、心率和乳酸数据,可对运动员阶段训练有效分析。     

国家赛艇队2 000 m测功仪成绩分析

测功仪成绩可以作为陆上训练及其专项能力评定的重要指标。通过对国家赛艇队冬训阶段2000m测功仪能力的测试，利用相关百分比模型，比较了国家队男女运动员之间、公开级与轻量级运动员之间存在的差异，并将测功仪成绩差异与水上成绩差异进行了比较。结果表明，考虑体重因素的测功仪相对功率能够反映运动员的实际专项水平。同时将国家队运动员与世界优秀运动员的测功仪成绩进行了比较。     

Experimental laboratory apparatus to analyze kinematics and 3D kinetics in rowing

In order to quantify internal forces and articular moments, by the inverse dynamics method, specially at lumbar level, an experimental laboratory apparatus to analyze kinematics and 3D kinetics of rowers was developed. It comprised a 3D motion analysis system, a Type C Concept II ergometer, three force-plates, six axes and two miniature mono-dimensional force transducers. The apparatus was designed for each hand, with two miniature transducers integrated into new steel handles to measure the force developed by each hand. Furthermore, the apparatus was also designed for each foot. Two force platforms were placed under two new foot stretchers to measure force and moment developed by each foot. The ergometer also has a sliding seat under which was placed a miniature force platform. A study of the rowing movement of a regional level competition rower demonstrated the relevance of the data. This study was concerned with the 3D kinetics parameters expressed in the medio-lateral, anterio-posterior and vertical axes. Some obtained data are novel or rarely associated together and enable a better understanding of the rower movement.     

最大吸氧量间接测算全新通用方程及其应用

作者论证了最大吸氧量间接测算全新通用议程组男VO2m,Ka;女,VO2mKa.式中：P,运动强度,单位,瓦;f,运动心率,次／分;n＝0.16－0．21,人机效率;Ka＝1．25~0．01A,A,年龄系数。在A＝25、P＝50~200瓦、f＝120~170次／分之间,方程组VO2m测算范围（1．6~6．0）升／分,包括体力弱者及世界级马拉松运动员,与奥斯特兰德实测数序表偏差不大于3％。     

2005年国家男子赛艇运动员集训期间力量训练效果研究

2005年冬训期间国家男子赛艇队聘请外教伊格尔,引进大力量训练。结果显示：大力量训练有益于发展男子赛艇队员上、下肢的最大力量,上肢的力量耐力,以及速度力量。并且上肢的最大力量对6m in力量耐力的影响高于下肢和腰背部最大力量。结论：发展男子赛艇队员上肢最大力量有益于提高赛艇运动员的速度力量。     

赛艇运动员2000m测功仪测试中主要用力肌群的表面肌电特征研究

目的:通过对湖北省男子赛艇运动员进行测功仪2 000m全力划测试,了解赛艇运动员在测功仪2 000m全力划中肌肉的发力顺序、各主要肌群力量分布比例情况、疲劳以及用力特点。研究方法:12名男子赛艇运动员测功仪2 000m全力划,测主要用力肌群的表面肌电图。结果:在测功仪2 000m全力划测试中,赛艇运动员一个完整的动作中肌肉的发力顺序为胫骨前肌>股四头肌内侧头>竖脊肌>背阔肌>三角肌后束>肱二头肌;i EMG值在比赛一开始就瞬时升高,随着比赛的进行i EMG值开始下降,到1500m处下降到最低值,而在最后冲刺阶段i EMG值达到最大值,左侧i EMG值大于右侧;从比赛开始到比赛结束,MF和MPF整体表现为随着运动负荷的增加和运动疲劳的出现呈下降的趋势,在最后冲刺阶段MF和MPF都有所增加,总的来说其下降幅度较大,增加幅度较小。     

Relative shank to thigh length is associated with different mechanisms of power production during elite male ergometer rowing

The effect of anthropometric differences in shank to thigh length ratio upon timing and magnitude of joint power production during the drive phase of the rowing stroke was investigated in 14 elite male rowers. Rowers were tested on the RowPerfect ergometer which was instrumented at the handle and foot stretcher to measure force generation, and a nine segment inverse dynamics model used to calculate the rower's joint and overall power production. Rowers were divided into two groups according to relative shank thigh ratio. Time to half lumbar power generation was significantly earlier in shorter shank rowers (p = 0.028) compared to longer shank rowers, who showed no lumbar power generation during the same period of the drive phase. Rowers with a relatively shorter shank demonstrated earlier lumbar power generation during the drive phase resulting from restricted rotation of the pelvic segment requiring increased lumbar extension in these rowers. Earlier lumbar power generation and extension did not appear to directly affect performance measures of the short shank group, and so can be attributed to a technical adaptation developed to maximise rowing performance.     

Force–velocity characteristics of upper limb extension during maximal wheelchair sprinting performed by healthy able-bodied females

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between force and velocity parameters during a specific multi-articular upper limb movement – namely, hand rim propulsion on a wheelchair ergometer. Seventeen healthy able-bodied females performed nine maximal sprints of 8?s duration with friction torques varying from 0 to 4?N?·?m. The wheelchair ergometer system allows measurement of forces exerted on the wheels and linear velocity of the wheel at 100 Hz. These data were averaged for the duration of each arm cycle. Peak force and the corresponding maximal velocity were determined during three consecutive arm cycles for each sprint condition. Individual force–velocity relationships were established for peak force and velocity using data for the nine sprints. In line with the results of previous studies on leg cycling or arm cranking, the force–velocity relationship was linear in all participants (r?=??0.798 to ?0.983, P?<0.01). The maximal power output (mean 1.28?W?·?kg^?1) and the corresponding optimal velocity (1.49?m?·?s^?1) and optimal force (52.3?N) calculated from the individual force–velocity regression were comparable with values reported in the literature during 20 or 30?s wheelchair sprints, but lower than those obtained during maximal arm cranking. A positive linear relationship (r?=?0.678, P?<0.01) was found between maximal power and optimal velocity. Our findings suggest that although absolute values of force, velocity and power depend on the type of movement, the force–velocity relationship obtained in multi-articular limb action is similar to that obtained in wheelchair locomotion, cycling and arm cranking.     

极限负荷时β-内啡肽、睾酮、皮质醇对心肺功能的影响

极限负荷时运动持续时间和运动水平密切相关。研究发现运动后睾酮（T）水平与耗氧平台（VO2maxPD）显著相关,β－内啡肽（β－EP）分泌水平与最大耗氧量,耗氧平台,呼吸频率显著相关。揭示耗氧平台的维系,可能有垂体—性腺轴的参与。而β－内啡肽对呼吸频率及耗氧平台的维系也存在着调控作用。耗氧平台时心率和通气量较之安静时大辐度增长,间接说明儿茶酚胺在极限负荷时对循环系统的支持。     

优秀女子赛艇运动员奥运会赛前乳酸阈曲线变化规律的研究

以中国队参加2004年雅典奥运会女子公开级八人单桨有舵手项目运动员为研究对象,观察在赛艇大周期训练过程中,定期测定定量负荷后血乳酸、身体成分等指标;定期应用赛艇测功仪进行多级负荷及2 000m测试,利用乳酸阈功率及乳酸功率曲线等对训练效果进行实时分析和评价。结果:在整个训练周期中,女子公开级运动员的体重没有显著性变化(P>0.05),在整个训练周期内,平均乳酸阈功率显著性提高(P<0.01);2 000m测试成绩显著性提高(P<0.05)。结论:功率-乳酸、功率-心率曲线,乳酸阈功率曲线可以对运动员的训练效果进行有效的实时分析和评价;运动训练使女子公开级运动员的平均乳酸阈功率有显著性提高。     

A real-time biomechanical feedback system for training rowers

A system was developed that quantifies rowing mechanics while an athlete trains on a rowing ergometer. The system consists of a Concept II rowing ergometer instrumented with a load cell and a series of potentiometers, a data acquisition computer and custom software. Kinematic and kinetic rowing data are displayed in the form of a two-dimensional stick figure animation, overlaid with kinematic and kinetic profiles. The software allows data to be saved and later replayed. Static and dynamic error analyses were performed to determine the accuracy and limitations of the system. Static measurements compared joint locations predicted by the RowTrainer system with values measured directly. Average static joint position errors ranged from 2 mm to −25 mm, with a typical joint location error being 10 mm. Using three-dimensional motion analysis, both dynamic and static error analyses were conducted. Average dynamic joint errors ranged from ±1 mm to −44 mm, with typical errors on the order of ±10 mm. Errors in joint positions resulted in average knee and hip joint angle errors of 9.6° and 5.8°, respectively. Additionally, the average handle horizontal velocity error during the drive phase was −1.8%.     

跆拳道训练对大学生体适能的影响

为了探索跆拳道训练对人体体适能的影响,对湖南理工学院体育学院15名2010级参与跆拳道训练的学生,进行力量耐力、最大摄氧量、无氧功率和柔韧性的跟踪测试.结果表明：系统的跆拳道训练,对大学生的柔韧性、力量耐力、最大摄氧量以及无氧功率等方面具有促进作用.结论：跆拳道训练对人体体适能具有一定的促进作用.     

游泳运动员最大吸氧量与成绩关系的研究

通过对游泳运动员水中最大吸氧量的测试,探讨游泳运动员最大吸氧量与运动成绩的关系。表明ＶＯ２ｍａｘ相对值与４００米、１５００米相关系数密切,并具依从关系。     

健身健美操对大学生最大摄氧量的影响研究——以武汉科技大学为例

运用抽样调查、实验和比较研究法研究武汉科技大学学生的最大摄氧量。结论显示:健身健美操能显著改善大学生的心血管机能;足球、篮球、羽毛球和网球项目相比,改善效果更显著;对女生心血管机能的改善程度大于男生。     

Recovery of pulmonary diffusing capacity after maximal exercise

Abstract

Pulmonary diffusing capacity (Dl_co), together with spirometric variables, arterial oxygen tension (paO₂) and cardiac output were determined before and at intervals after maximal arm cranking, treadmill running and erogmeter rowing. Independent of the type of exercise, Dl_co increased immediately post‐exercise from a median 13.6 (range 7.3–16.3) to 15.1 (9.3–19.6) mmol min^‐1 kPa^‐1 (P <0.01). However, it decreased to 11.6 (6.9–15.5) mmol min^‐1 kPa^‐1 (P <0.01) after 24 h with cardiac output and paO₂ at resting values, and Dl_co normalized after 20 h. Thoracic electrical impedance at 2.5 and 100 kHz increased slightly post‐exercise, indicating a decrease in thoracic fluid balance, and there were no echocardiographic signs of left ventricular failure at the time of the decrease in Dl_co. Also, active muscle (limb) circumference and volume, and an increase in haematocrit from 43.8 (38.0–47.0) to 47.1 (42.7–49.8) (P <0.01), had normalized at the time of the decrease in Dl_co. Vital capacity, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, peak and peak mid‐expiratory flows did not change. However, total lung capacity increased from 6.8 (5.0–7.6) to 7.0 (5.1–7.8) litres (P <0.05) immediately after exercise and remained elevated at 6.9 (5.1–8.7) litres (P <0.05) when a decrease in Dl_co was noted. The results demonstrate that independent of the type of maximal exercise, an approximate 15% reduction in Dl_co takes place 2–3 h post‐exercise, which normalizes during the following day of recovery.     

评定有氧工作能力指标的探讨

对不同训练水平、不同性别的６０名受试者进行了摄氧量、心率及氧脉搏的测定,其目的是通过比较优选评定有氧工作能力的指标。结果显示：在此方面,由于公斤体重的氧脉搏可同时消除体重和心率等因素的影响,故它比最大摄氧量更为客观。