国家帆船队男子激光级运动员体能训练及康复训练案例分析

对国家帆船队男子激光级两名重点运动员的研究发现,施某主要存在核心力量及高强度运动下腿部肌肉耐力不足,而乔某主要是由于腰肌劳损导致在进行高强度运动时出现腰部酸痛、僵硬、腰椎活动度减弱等问题。根据两者的不同状况,针对性的制定各自的训练方案,通过3~4周的训练后,运动员的运动能力及损伤恢复情况均有所改善。通过高水平运动员体能训练计划制定、实施,改善运动员的运动能力,完善有效提高帆船运动员专项体能训练的手段与方法。同时,通过对重点运动员损伤后的康复训练,汲取康复体能训练有效手段,探索运动损伤机制并在训练中积极预防损伤。     

业余蹼泳运动员力量训练的实验分析

为了探讨广西柳州市业余蹼泳队在夏季训练中加入力量训练的实效性,本文通过文献法、数理分析法以及实验法对广西柳州市业余蹼泳队在夏季训练中加入力量训练的实效性进行比较和分析。结果显示：运动员在一个周期内经过科学的、水陆结合的力量训练后,运动成绩的提升幅度要比夏季训练中不加入力量训练的运动成绩提升幅度大,建议教练员在安排夏季训练计划时,重视运用陆上专项力量训练和水下专项力量训练的训练方法来提高运动员的运动水平和运动成绩。     

The influence of exercise and physical fitness status on attention: a systematic review

ABSTRACT

Background: Exercise helps many aspects of cognition, but at this time no review has summarized the literature on the association of exercise and physical fitness with attention. Method: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Scopus databases. After inclusion criteria assessment, a final pool of 44 articles was included. A number of behavioral and neurophysiological indices of attention were examined. Results: The majority of studies showed an increase in performance of attention. Acute exercise results in greater enhancement of attention in those who are active. There was an association of aerobic fitness and attention in the young and old, but not in young adults. Aerobic exercise training interventions generally resulted in positive changes, while some resistance training studies detected no evidence of an effect. Not all forms of exercise were effective. Shorter interventions were inferior with respect to longer ones. Most studies were rated with a moderate methodological quality. Conclusion: There is an association of aerobic exercise (acute and chronic) and aerobic fitness with attention. Future research should determine the dose and mechanisms by which different forms of physical activity and exercise may influence the development of different components of attention along the lifespan.     

运动训练中补充抗氧化剂：有益还是有害？

运动过程中骨骼肌产生的高水平反应物会导致肌肉损伤和肌肉功能受损,一般认为补充抗氧化剂可以保护肌肉不受损伤。无论对于运动爱好者还是专业运动员,抗氧化剂都是最常用的运动补剂之一。目前备受关注的是用额外口服抗氧化剂的方法来支持内源性防御系统,从而实现预防或减轻氧化应激、减少肌肉损伤并改善运动表现。目前有大量已发表的研究对该主题进行了讨论,大多数研究表明,抗氧化剂可以减轻运动引起的氧化应激,但大多数研究都未发现其对肌肉损伤和肌肉功能有任何影响。此外,越来越多的证据表明,抗氧化剂对健康和训练适应有消极作用。本文深入分析总结了关于活性物质（Reactive Species）在体内的作用以及服用抗氧化剂对维持健康和提高身体性能的功效的文献。     

力量训练的营养恢复

科学合理的营养补充是运动员取得良好运动成绩的前提条件。通过营养素的使用,使运动员能够跟上训练节奏,较好地完成教练员的训练计划。通过长期的运动训练实践,总结出如何进行力量训练的营养补充,以及达到怎样的恢复效果。有针对性的、合理的营养素（糖、电解质、维生素等）补充,可以帮助运动员加快运动后疲劳的恢复。     

羽毛球运动员下肢快速力量训练研究

羽毛球运动员的下肢快速力量训练不仅指爆发力训练,起动和二次启动、制动、反应力等快速力量对运动员的能力有非常重要的影响。负重训练法、跳深练习法、组合训练法、综合训练法对运动员提高不同形式的快速力量都有一定效果,但要偏重提高具体的快速力量,在训练中根据运动员的实际情况选择合适的训练方法进行针对性训练。     

浅谈武术运动员柔韧素质的科学化训练

武术运动要求有良好的柔韧素质,柔韧素质是正确规范地完成武术技术动作的基础.从柔韧素质的生理基础、柔韧素质训练中的心理因素、柔韧素质与其他素质之间的关系,研究如何使武术运动员的柔韧素质训练更加科学,使提高柔韧素质的训练规律与武术项目运动规律更好的结合.     

浅析散打运动员专项耐力的训练

文章运用文献资料的研究方法,对散打运动员专项耐力的训练进行了研究。就散打运动员的专项耐力从特点、能量代谢的要求以及训练方法等方面进行了探讨,重点运用间歇训练法,从练习持续时间、练习负荷强度、练习重复次数和组数、每次(组)练习的间歇时间、间歇时间的休息方式几个方面进行了分析,为科学地进行散打专项耐力训练提供科学依据。     

运用高原训练提高男子中长跑运动员运动能力的实验研究

通过改变海拔高度,运用不同海拔渐进复合的持续训练、对运动强度和运动负荷的变化、运动员营养补剂的补充,探讨提高男子中长跑运动能力的训练模式。结果发现：高原刺激能显著提高运动员的血色素水平,补血的铁剂配合优质蛋白的适当使用可以维持运动员在训练期的血色素水平;可以有效提高运动员耐力水平     

Nutritional strategies to support concurrent training

Abstract

Concurrent training (the combination of endurance exercise to resistance training) is a common practice for athletes looking to maximise strength and endurance. Over 20 years ago, it was first observed that performing endurance exercise after resistance exercise could have detrimental effects on strength gains. At the cellular level, specific protein candidates have been suggested to mediate this training interference; however, at present, the physiological reason(s) behind the concurrent training effect remain largely unknown. Even less is known regarding the optimal nutritional strategies to support concurrent training and whether unique nutritional approaches are needed to support endurance and resistance exercise during concurrent training approaches. In this review, we will discuss the importance of protein supplementation for both endurance and resistance training adaptation and highlight additional nutritional strategies that may support concurrent training. Finally, we will attempt to synergise current understanding of the interaction between physiological responses and nutritional approaches into practical recommendations for concurrent training.     

咖啡因对耐力运动员运动表现的影响:效果及机制

咖啡因作为一种功能增进营养补剂,广泛应用于耐力运动员的训练和竞赛中。通过系统梳理探讨摄入咖啡因对耐力运动员计时赛、恒定负荷运动和递增负荷运动至力竭3种类型运动表现影响的相关研究,总结咖啡因对耐力运动员运动表现的影响规律,以期为我国教练员和运动员优化营养补剂方案提供理论依据。结果显示,自行车、中长跑及赛艇等耐力运动员多以胶囊形式摄入低中高剂量咖啡因（3~9 mg/kg）来提高耐力运动表现,但对于不同类型运动表现的有效剂量及作用机制存在差异。另外,咖啡因与其他营养补剂混合摄入的效果以及咖啡因不同摄入方式、性别差异、基因组别、安慰剂效应等对其功能增进效果的影响是咖啡因研究领域未来的发展方向。     

The effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on athletic performance: recommendations for the maintenance of physical fitness

The behavioural modifications that accompany Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) are usually associated with some alterations in the metabolic, physiological, and psychological responses of athletes that may affect sport performance. Muslim athletes who are required to train and/or compete during the month-long, diurnal fast must adopt coping strategies that allow them to maintain physical fitness and motivation if they are to perform at the highest level. This updated review aims to present the current state of knowledge of the effects of RIF on training and performance, focusing on key-factors that contribute to the effects of Ramadan on exercise performance: energy restriction, sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm perturbation, dehydration, and alterations in the training load. The available literature contain few studies that have examined the effects of RIF on physical performance in athletes and, to date, the results are inconclusive, so the effects of RIF on competition outcomes are not at present wholly understood. The diverse findings probably indicate individual differences in the adaptability and self-generated coping strategies of athletes during fasting and training. However, the results of the small number of well-controlled studies that have examined the effects of Ramadan on athletic performance suggest that few aspects of physical fitness are negatively affected, and where decrements are observed these are usually modest. Subjective feelings of fatigue and other mood indicators are often cited as implying additional stress on the athlete throughout Ramadan, but most studies show that these factors may not result in decreases in performance and that perceived exercise intensity is unlikely to increase to any significant degree. Current evidence from good, well-controlled research supports the conclusion that athletes who maintain their total energy and macronutrient intake, training load, body composition, and sleep length and quality are unlikely to suffer any substantial decrements in performance during Ramadan. Further research is required to determine the effect of RIF on the most challenging events or exercise protocols and on elite athletes competing in extreme environments.     

散打运动员身体素质训练方法与手段研究

散打是一项斗智较力的激烈的对抗性运动,本文阐述了散打运动员身体素质训练方法与手段,对于如何进行更好的身体训练提出了建议,目的是为教练员合理提高规划运动员的身体素质训练提供科学依据,希望能对我国培养优秀散打运动的后备人才有所启示。     

The effects of short versus long inter-set rest intervals in resistance training on measures of muscle hypertrophy: A systematic review

Although the effects of short versus long inter-set rest intervals in resistance training on measures of muscle hypertrophy have been investigated in several studies, the findings are equivocal and the practical implications remain unclear. In an attempt to provide clarity on the topic, we performed a systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) electronic databases. Six studies were found to have met the inclusion criteria: (a) an experimental trial published in an English-language peer-reviewed journal; (b) the study compared the use of short (≤60?s) to long (>60?s) inter-set rest intervals in a traditional dynamic resistance exercise using both concentric and eccentric muscle actions, with the only difference in resistance training among groups being the inter-set rest interval duration; (c) at least one method of measuring changes in muscle mass was used in the study; (d) the study lasted for a minimum of four weeks, employed a training frequency of ≥2 resistance training days per week, and (e) used human participants without known chronic disease or injury. Current evidence indicates that both short and long inter-set rest intervals may be useful when training for achieving gains in muscle hypertrophy. Novel findings involving trained participants using measures sensitive to detect changes in muscle hypertrophy suggest a possible advantage for the use of long rest intervals to elicit hypertrophic effects. However, due to the paucity of studies with similar designs, further research is needed to provide a clear differentiation between these two approaches.     

The athletes’ visuomotor system – Cortical processes contributing to faster visuomotor reactions

Many sports require athletes to rapidly transform visual information into a targeted motor response, a process referred to as visuomotor reaction. On the behavioural level, athletes have long been established to achieve faster simple visuomotor reaction times when compared to non-athletes. However, although the superior performance in athletes has been attributed to the central nervous system, the underlying neural mechanisms remained poorly studied. More recently, a growing number of neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies systematically addressed the functional and structural modulations in the athletes’ visual and motor systems as well as their contribution to visuomotor performance. This article reviews current research on structural and functional characteristics of the athletes’ cortical visuomotor system associated with simple visuomotor reactions, sports-specific visuomotor performance and visuomotor training. The primary objective is to shed light on the neural mechanisms potentially contributing to superior visuomotor reaction performance in athletes participating in visuomotor demanding disciplines. A more comprehensive understanding of performance-determining neural functions could provide great potential for diagnostics and training to improve athletic performance.     

功能康复中不可或缺的环节——离心力量训练

康复训练的核心是功能恢复。渐进性功能训练不仅应用于体能训练,在伤后运动康复实践中也是一项非常重要的康复手段,能够循序渐进地帮助运动员或受伤者逐渐恢复体能及重塑肌肉功能,并在较低一级基础动作正确完成的前提下,推动其向更高水平的功能目标迈进,从而改善运动功能,为受伤运动员安全地重返赛场提供了必不可少的手段。离心力量训练能够有效预防损伤、提高快速力量,是功能康复不可或缺的重要环节,对运动员功能康复的效率和质量起到显著的作用。     

探究武术套路运动员核心力量训练策略

核心力量训练的发展,也是当今武术界的热门话题,武术套路运动属于技能主导类表现难美性项群的体育竞技项目。武术套路运动员在竞技比赛过程中,想要取得优异的成绩,不仅要具备良好的心理素质,拥有战术、体能、技术外,还需要提升控制身体的平衡和稳定性,保证每个动作完成的质量,来达到提高运动成绩的目的。文章运用逻辑分析法、文献资料法,通过武术套路运动员平时训练和核心训练的一些训练方法进行分析和探究,提出了武术专项核心力量训练的一些方法,为武术教练员更好地实施科学训练,探索和建立武术专项核心训练策略奠定一定的基础,从而加快武术运动员竞技水平的提高。     

The Evidence Regarding Exercise Training in the Management of Cystic Fibrosis: A Systematic Review

Purpose: To conduct a systematic review of the evidence regarding the efficacy of exercise training in the management of cystic fibrosis (CF).Methods: Articles were found by searching PEDRO, MEDLINE, and CINAHL databases. Included articles involved exercise-related interventions for long-term adaptations (ie, not acute effects of exercise). Articles were excluded if the language was other than English or if other non-exercise interventions were used. Date of publication was not a factor for exclusion. Two independent reviewers evaluated the included articles using Sackett''s levels of evidence and select scoring criteria.Results: Twelve articles were eligible for inclusion. Interventions studied included various aspects of exercise training: anaerobic, aerobic, or resistance training. Study end-points included pulmonary function, aerobic capacity, strength, and health-related quality of life (HRQL).Conclusions: Exercise training in individuals with CF is beneficial, with aerobic and resistance training having the greatest support in the literature for improved aerobic capacity and strength, respectively. Exercise training does not appear to have an effect of improving pulmonary function, but may have a preservation effect. Strong conclusions about improvement in HQRL from exercise training cannot be made. However, greater consistency in measuring this outcome is needed in future trials. There is a paucity of evidence regarding the role of exercise training in reducing hospitalization and health care utilization, and questions raised by this review should be considered in the design of future trials.Key Words: cystic fibrosis, aerobic exercise, review     

男青少年自行车运动员1KM计时赛训练方法的探讨

作者通过对6名青少年自行车运动员2年的训练实践,根据1KM计时赛项目特点和青少年运动员的生长发育特点、围绕专项力量、速度耐力、柔韧协调能力和专项技术训练的方法进行探索,取得良好进展。青年运动员刘亚东经过2年训练获全国青年1公里冠军,成年比赛第3名,并打破200M俯冲全国纪录。     

不同运动方式对绝经后女性IL-6、TNF-α和hs-CRP的影响

目的比较12周有氧运动或抗阻训练对绝经后女性白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和高敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)影响的差异,为制定特异性的运动处方提供依据。方法将符合标准的受试者随机分为有氧运动组(18人),抗阻训练组(17人)和对照组(20人)。有氧运动组和抗阻训练组进行每周3次、共12周的运动干预,对照组保持日常生活习惯不变。实验前后分别测定血清IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP等指标。结果 12周运动干预后,有氧运动组血清IL-6较运动前下降了13%(P<0.01),血清TNF-α(P>0.05)和hs-CRP(P>0.05)无显著性变化;抗阻训练组血清IL-6较运动前无显著性变化(P>0.05),但血清TNF-α和hs-CRP分别下降了11%(P<0.05)和26%(P<0.05)。对照组所有指标的变化不明显。相关分析显示,实验前hs-CRP基础值与BMI(r=0.36,P<0.01)、空腹血糖(r=0.23,P<0.05)和IL-6(r=0.22,P<0.01)正相关,与VO2max(r=-0.29,P<0.05)负相关;实验后hs-CRP的变化值与BMI的变化值(r=0.21,P<0.05)正相关。结论 绝经妇女慢性全身性炎症状态与其BMI、血糖水平和体内炎症因子的水平有关;12周有氧运动或抗阻训练均能有效改善绝经后女性慢性全身性炎症状态,但抗阻训练的效果优于有氧运动,其原因与BMI的改善有关。