800m跑运动员的综合力量耐力训练

针对国内800m跑训练注重发展呼吸及心血管系统的机能，忽略肌肉代谢能力的训练的现状，借鉴国外成功经验，制定了提高800m跑运动员肌肉代谢能力的综合力量耐力的训练方案。     

补充FDP一周对骨骼肌力量耐力影响的实验研究

目的：研究补充FDP补充对骨骼肌力量耐力的影响,为其在运动训练中的应用提供理论依据。方法：16只昆明种雄性成年小鼠,随机分为对照组和FDP组,FDP组每日以3%的FDP溶液0.2ml/10g灌胃,对照组以等体积纯净水灌胃,连续7天。7天后以5%乌拉坦1g/kg经腹腔注射麻醉、固定,利用BL-410生物机能实验系统测定肌肉力量和力量耐力。结果：对照组小鼠骨骼肌最大肌力于5min时显著下降（P〈0.05）,FDP组小鼠最大肌力显著下降出现在30min（P〈0.05）;各时点肌力下降幅值FDP组显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：FDP通过改善肌细胞无氧代谢而显著延迟骨骼肌肌力的下降,较长时间维持骨骼肌的收缩张力,有效改善骨骼肌力量耐力。     

Comparison of EMG activity during stable and unstable push-up protocols

Abstract

This experiment examined muscle activation measured using electromyography (EMG) during a standardized push-up performed on stable and unstable surfaces. Fifteen highly trained participants performed four push-ups: standard (hands and feet on the floor), either the hands or feet on an unstable surface (single instability), and with both hands and feet on unstable surfaces (dual instability). Unstable surfaces were created using a stability ball and an extreme balance board. EMG activity was recorded from three core stabilizers (erector spinae, rectus abdominus and internal obliques), one prime mover (triceps), and one lower body stabilizer (soleus). The EMG time series were smoothed using a 10-point moving average and root mean squares (RMS) were calculated for the entire time series. The results showed that push-ups performed with dual instability had significantly greater EMG activation compared to single instability or the stable push-up. In addition, as instability increased, there was a greater amount of muscle activation for the core stabilizers, prime movers and lower body stabilizers. The findings are consistent with the position that unstable surfaces in conjunction with standard exercises can be used to increase activation of core trunk stabilizers. This may in turn provide increased trunk strength and greater resistance to injury.     

核心力量训练对普通高校男子大学生腰腹肌力及肌耐力影响的实验研究

对汕头大学男生腰腹部核心力量训练前、后的相关生理指标进行比较和研究,旨在为今后的教学提供科学指导。     

对耐力公式与长拳速度储备公式互换使用可能性的探讨

本文将蔡国钧的耐力公式运用于长拳运动员速度耐力的测算,与奥卓林的速度储备公式的测算结果进行比较,找出两者的异同;阐明耐力公式取代速度储备公式测定长拳运动员速耐水平的适宜范围,井介绍了互换使用的测算方法。     

浙江省高校学生体育消费承受力的调查分析

体育消费作为高校学生的一种时尚追求，越来越多的学生愿意加入到体育消费的行列中去，在不同程度地进行着有偿的体育锻炼或纯粹的体育消费。通过对不同性别、不同生源及不同受教育程度的高校学生的体育消费承受力的调查表明，具有不同程度的差异性：①男性学生的体育消费承受力高于女性；②城市、城镇和农村生源的学生的体育消费承受力呈递减下降趋势；③本科生的体育消费承受力水平为最高。     

《学生体质健康标准》中心血管功能评定指标的同质性和有效性的实验研究

为了分析《学生体质健康标准》中心血管功能评价指标的同质性和有效性，对87名普通大学生进行体质健康测试和最大耗氧量测试。研究结果表明，大学生的台阶测试得分和耐久跑成绩得分无显著差异；台阶测试得分与耐久跑之间无显著线性相关关系（r=-0．086，P〉0．05）；台阶测试和耐久跑指标之间无同质性；大学生最大耗氧量与台阶试验测试值和台阶试验得分无显著线性相关（r〈0．15，P〉0．05），大学生最大耗氧量与耐久跑成绩和得分之间也无显著线性相关。     

The effect of minimal shoes on arch structure and intrinsic foot muscle strength

BackgroundThis prospective study explored the effects of endurance running (ER) in minimal versus standard running shoes on the foot's superficial layer intrinsic muscles and the function of the longitudinal arch. Our hypothesis was that running in minimal shoes would cause hypertrophy in these muscles and lead to higher, stronger, stiffer arches.MethodsThe hypothesis was tested using a sample of 33 healthy runners randomized into two groups, a control group shod in traditional running footwear and an experimental group shod in minimal support footwear, whose feet were scanned in an MRI before and after a 12-week training regime. Running kinematics as well as arch stiffness and height were also assessed before and after the treatment period.ResultsAnalysis of anatomical cross-sectional areas and muscle volumes indicate that the flexor digitorum brevis muscle became larger in both groups by 11% and 21%, respectively, but only the minimally shod runners had significant areal and volumetric increases of the abductor digiti minimi of 18% and 22%, respectively, and significantly increased longitudinal arch stiffness (60%).ConclusionThese results suggest that endurance running in minimal support footwear with 4 mm offset or less makes greater use of the spring-like function of the longitudinal arch, thus leading to greater demands on the intrinsic muscles that support the arch, thereby strengthening the foot.     

核心稳定性训练对健美操运动员腹背力量影响的研究

从运动训练实践出发,在核心稳定性训练理论研究的基础上,将核心稳定性训练理论应用到健美操国家集训队训练实践中,并运用数理统计法对实验数据进行处理和分析。结果表明:核心稳定性训练对竞技健美操运动员背肌力量和腹肌力量的影响存在显著性差异(P<0.01)。通过训练前后的数据检验说明,核心稳定性训练有利于健美操运动员背、腹力量的提高。研究对进一步深化健美操高水平运动训练改革,提高健美操运动员运动成绩,具有较大的参考和研究价值。     

Effects of strength and endurance exercise order on endocrine responses to concurrent training

The present study examined the effect of strength and endurance training order on the endocrine milieu associated with strength development and performance during concurrent training. A randomised, between-groups design was employed with 30 recreationally resistance-trained males completing one of four acute experimental training protocols; strength training (ST), strength followed by endurance training (ST-END), endurance followed by strength training (END-ST) or no training (CON). Blood samples were taken before each respective exercise protocol, immediately upon cessation of exercise, and 1?h post cessation of exercise. Blood samples were subsequently analysed for total testosterone, cortisol and lactate concentrations. Ability to maintain 80% 1RM during strength training was better in ST and ST-END than END-ST (both p?<?.05). Immediately following the respective exercise protocols all training interventions elicited significant increases in testosterone (p?<?.05). ST and END-ST resulted in greater increases in cortisol than ST-END (both p?<?.05). The testosterone:cortisol ratio was similar following the respective exercise protocols. Blood lactate concentrations post-training were greater following END-ST and ST than ST-END (both p?<?.05). Conducting endurance exercise prior to strength training resulted in impaired strength training performance. Blood cortisol and lactate concentrations were greater when endurance training was conducted prior to strength training than vice versa. As such, it may be suggested that conducting endurance prior to strength training may result in acute unfavourable responses to strength training when strength training is conducted with high loads.     

Reliability of the Heart Rate Response to Submaximal Upper and Lower Body Exercise

Abstract

This investigation was conducted to compare the influence of high and low perceived competence (PC) and various causal dimension orientations on expectations, persistence, and performance while perceiving failure on a motor task. Based on a response to a PC scale, 84 junior high school students were selected to participate in this study. Separately, 42 low and 42 high PC subjects were oriented to perceive their performance on a stabilometer balancing task as due to: (a) internal, controllable, unstable factors (ICU); (b) internal, uncontrollable, stable factors (IUS); or (c) nothing in particular (NDO). Subjects then received fictitious negative feedback over 15 trials. Results revealed that persistence, expectations, and performance dependent measures were significant for PC and Causal Dimension groups. More specifically, the High PC group persisted longer, had higher expectations, and performed significantly better than the Low PC group. Furthermore, the subjects presented ICU orientations persisted for a longer amount of time, revealed higher expectations over trials, and performed significantly better over trials than the subjects in the IUS and NDO groups. These findings suggest that perceived competence and causal dimensional orientations influence children's expectations, persistence, and performance when perceiving failure on a motor task.     

茜草提取物对大强度耐力运动训练大鼠肾脏组织自由基代谢及抗氧化酶活性影响的实验研究

通过分析大强度耐力运动训练大鼠（♂）部分自由基指标的变化来探讨补充茜草提取物抗氧化、提高机体抗疲劳能力的可能机制。方法：通过建立大鼠递增大强度耐力跑台训练实验模型,测定了大鼠肾脏组织某些生化指标和抗氧化酶活性影响。结果：茜草可增加耐力运动后力竭即刻状态下谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、还原性谷胱甘肽（GSH）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）,降低丙二醛（MDA）以及活性氧（active oxygen）含量。结论：补充茜草提取物可显著提高大鼠肾脏组织抗氧化酶的活性,减轻大强度耐力训练对大鼠肾脏组织造成的脂质过氧化损伤,具有明显的抵抗脂质过氧化的功能,对大鼠运动能力的提高有良好的作用。     

Reliability and validity of Yo-Yo tests in 9- to 16-year-old football players and matched non-sports active schoolboys

The purpose of this study was to examine the test–retest reliability and construct validity of three age-adapted Yo-Yo intermittent tests in football players aged 9–16 years (n?=?70) and in age-matched non-sports active boys (n?=?72). Within 7 days, each participant performed two repetitions of an age-related intensity-adapted Yo-Yo intermittent test, i.e. the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 children's test for 9- to 11-year-olds; the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1 for 12- to 13-year-olds and the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 2 test for 14- to 16-year-olds. Peak heart rate (HR_peak) was determined for all tests. The distance covered in the tests was 57% (1098?±?680 vs. 700?±?272?m), 119% (2325?±?778 vs. 1062?±?285?m) and 238% (1743?±?460 vs. 515?±?113?m) higher (p?≤?.016), respectively for football-trained than for non-sports active boys aged 9–11, 12–13 and 14–16 years. The typical errors of measurement for Yo-Yo distance, expressed as a percentage of the coefficient of variation (confidence interval), were 11.1% (9.0–14.7%), 10.1% (8.1–13.7%) and 8.5% (6.7–11.7%) for football players aged 9–11, 12–13 and 14–16 years, respectively, with corresponding values of 9.3% (7.4–12.8%), 10.2% (8.1–14.0%) and 8.5% (6.8–11.3%) for non-sports active boys. Intraclass correlation coefficient values for test–retest were excellent in both groups (range: 0.844–0.981). Relative HR_peak did not differ significantly between the groups in test and retest. In conclusion, Yo-Yo intermittent test performances and HR_peak are reliable for 9- to 16-year-old footballers and non-sports active boys. Additionally, performances of the three Yo-Yo tests were seemingly better for football-trained than for non-sports active boys, providing evidence of construct validity.     

篮球、手球、足球运动员体成分及肌肉力量的比较分析

目的:对篮球、手球、足球运动员的身体成分和肌肉力量进行比较分析,探讨三大球运动员身体素质的特点与差异,为运动训练以及运动员科学选材提供理论参考.方法:研究对象均为篮球、足球、手球二级以上专业运动员,均为男性,身高、体重、年龄和运动年限无明显差异,对研究对象进行体成分和肌肉力量测试及比较分析.结果:篮球组与手球组腹下脂肪比率、基础代谢、肥胖程度、BMI以及细胞液都有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01);篮球组与足球组之间下肢和腹下脂肪与体重比存有差异性(P＜0.05),胸下脂肪与体重比存有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01);手球运动员与足球运动员之间肥胖程度、BMI、细胞液和基础代谢均有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01);在上下肢力量方面篮球运动员与手球和足球运动员存有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论:手球运动员在身高、体重、脂肪比率、BMI、细胞量、蛋白质、无机盐、细胞液方面都明显高于篮球和足球运动员;篮球运动员在力量方面比较占据优势;足球运动员身材相对较小,在体脂比率、BMI以及上下肢力量方面低于篮球和手球运动员.     

女子皮艇运动员静态平衡能力与核心力量浅析

以辽宁省女子皮艇队运动员和营口市水上运动学校女子青少年运动员各15名为研究对象,采用Best Poise V1.0平衡能力测试系统和八级腹桥测试评分,分别测试运动员的静态平衡能力和核心力量,考察不同水平运动员平衡能力和核心力量的差别,为女子皮艇运动员的核心力量训练提供参考。     

从第30届伦敦奥运会田径比赛看世界田坛实力变化

采用文献资料、数理统计等方法,对第30届伦敦奥运会奖牌分布特征进行研究,结果表明：美国继续称雄奖牌榜,但其霸主地位正受到强有力的冲击;俄罗斯表现稳定,女子项目处于世界领先地位;英国创造了近三届奥运会的最佳战绩,其他欧洲国家传统优势项目继续保持领先;非洲军团在中长跑项目上的统治力有所下降;亚洲、大洋洲和南美洲田径整体水平依旧落后,继续充当世界田坛的配角;中国军团取得了参加单届奥运会获得奖牌数最多的优异成绩,但落后局面依然没有改变。     

中学生动态等速肌力自然发育的年龄规律与性别特点

探索肌肉力量自然发育过程中的年龄相关性和性别特点。运用Kineteeh等速肌力测试系统，对240名13～18岁普通中学生进行动态等速肌力测试评定。结果表明13～18岁男生，上、下肢屈伸肌的最大肌力和输出功率持续增长；从14岁开始，出现快速增长，各年龄段男生的肌力均大于女生，14岁为男生动态等速肌力快速生长的敏感期。同期女生的最大肌力和输出功率也持续增长，但增长的速度明显小于男生，16岁后增长缓慢，16岁开始男女生之间的差距拉大。     

2000-2005年福建省中小学乡村女生速度、耐力和力量三项素质的对比分析

为揭示《全民健身计划纲要》第二期工程前5年福建省中小学乡村女生速度、耐力和力量3项身体素质的变化规律,进一步改善福建省乡村女生的体质状况,改善乡村学校体育卫生工作。通过对2000年与2005年两次福建省中小学乡村女生的速度、耐力和力量3项身体素质的对比研究,发现这5年间中小学乡村女生3项身体素质均有所下降。     

实力展望与备战启示:基于2020年东京奥运周期中日竞技实力分析

运用文献资料、比较分析、逻辑分析等方法,对2020年东京奥运周期中日两国参加世界大赛奥运项目竞赛成绩进行统计,分析东京奥运周期内两国竞技实力,展望东京奥运会两国金牌数目并提出我国备战启示。结果显示:东京奥运周期内中国和日本金、奖牌数量相比里约奥运会均有所增长,两国竞技实力差距先快速缩小后逐渐扩大;中国金牌、奖牌项目分布面较日本更广,中日两国除了重点夺金、夺牌项目以外,其他项目争夺点都较少且实力不稳定;东京奥运会中国可能获得34±5枚金牌,日本可能获得25±5枚金牌;我国备战东京奥运会要坚持改革创新备战、系统保障备战、科技助力备战、聚焦全球备战,促进备战工作由单一化向多元化发展,由个体服务向综合保障发展,由科技服务向科创动力发展,由国内备战向全球备战发展。