我国足球运动员犯规动作特点分析

对2000年甲A前13轮78场比赛和第11届欧洲足球锦标赛54场比赛中队员的犯规动作，从犯规动作的部位、犯规发生区域和红黄牌出示情况等方面进行分析，揭示高水平足球运动员形成犯规的共有规律性特点，为运动员有针对地提高防守抢截能力提供理论依据。     

Intensities of exercise during match-play in FA Premier League referees and players

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between intensities of exercise during match-play of elite-standard soccer referees with those of the players from the same match. Match analysis data were collected (Prozone? Leeds, UK) for 18 elite-standard soccer referees (age 26-49 years) on FA Premier League matches during the 2008/09 English FA Premier League season (236 observations). Running categories for referees and players were as follows: total distance covered (m); high-speed running distance (speed >19.8 km · h(-1)); and sprinting distance (speed >25.2 km · h(-1)). Analysis of the distance-time regression coefficients revealed no differences between the referees' and players' within-match rates of change for total distance covered (-0.594 ± 0.394 vs. -0.713 ± 0.269 m · min(-1); P = 0.104), high-speed running (-0.039 ± 0.077 vs. -0.059 ± 0.030 m · min(-1); P = 0.199), and sprinting (-0.003 ± 0.039 vs. -0.021 ± 0.017 m · min(-1); P = 0.114). In addition, there were no differences between across-season rates of change for total distance (-26.756 ± 40.434 vs. -20.031 ± 25.502 m per match day; P = 0.439) and sprinting (-9.662 ± 7.564 vs. -8.589 ± 4.351 m per match day; P = 0.542). These results show that elite-standard soccer referees' intensities of exercise during match-play are interrelated with those of the players and thus demonstrate that referees are able to keep pace with the players during FA Premier League matches.     

世界足球主要联赛球员国际流动特征研究

以2008-2009赛季世界职业足球一级市场(英超、西甲、意甲、德甲、法甲)和二级市场联赛(巴甲、阿甲、荷甲、俄超、日本联赛)注册球员为调研对象,对球员国际流动的一般特征及特殊性进行了量化分析.数据分析显示,一级市场联赛是世界职业足球发展的核心区域,主要招募来自东欧、南美洲和非洲球员,形成了全球精英球员供给分配的科层化结构.二级市场联赛大量启用本土球员,参与本土足球市场竞争.结论认为,世界足球主要联赛球员的国际流动是一个非常复杂的全球体育现象,诸如经济、政治、文化、语言、价值观、习俗、地理位置、历史殖民地、后殖民关系、国家双边交流、技战术风格打法等要素分别对其产生一定的作用影响,球员国际流动现象的产生是多种要素综合作用的结果.     

Influence of players' vocalisations on soccer referees' decisions

Abstract

The influence of a potentially fouled player's vocalisations on the referee's decisions was investigated. Experienced soccer referees watched video clips of real-match situations that were presented either without sound or with sound where a player's vocalisations were clearly audible and made judgements regarding fouls, direction of play and personal penalties. The results revealed that players’ vocalisations had no impact on the foul decisions of the referees. However, once a referee made a foul decision, the player's vocalisations led to an increased number of personal penalties (increase in yellow cards) for the foul-causing player. In addition to crowd noise, a player's vocalisations during a foul are used as a proximal cue in the referee's decision-making process.     

第4届女子世界杯足球决赛运动员犯规特征分析

采用文献资料、观察统计法，对第4届女子世界杯足球决赛场上队员犯规特征进行分析。结果显示：全部比赛共犯规813次、越位161次、红牌1张、黄牌65张；平均3．54min有1次犯规、17．89min发生1次越位、44.33min出示1张黄牌；上半场的犯规数略高于下半场、越位数略少于下半场、黄牌数大大低于下半场；队员上肢犯规多于下肢；中场犯规最多。     

2004～2005赛季英超联赛红黄牌判罚情况的统计分析

通过对2004~2005赛季英格兰足球超级联赛中红黄牌的判罚情况进行统计分析,结果表明:英超联赛等采用循环赛制的比赛中红黄牌的判罚数量远远低于世界杯等采用淘汰赛制的比赛;红黄牌的判罚数量随着联赛的深入呈上升趋势;客场球队比主场球队被判罚更多的红黄牌;中场队员被判罚的红牌数量最多,后卫队员被判罚的黄牌最多,守门员被判罚的红黄牌最少;红黄牌的判罚数量呈现出随着比赛时间的减少而增加的趋势;红黄牌的判罚与球队的风格关系更大。     

The impact of a team's aggressive reputation on the decisions of association football referees

It has been suggested that individuals may use heuristic methods of reasoning and rely on schemata when a quick decision is necessary. Accordingly, it is possible that decisions made by sport officials may be influenced by prior knowledge they have about teams they are officiating. The aim of the present study was to determine whether sport officials are more likely to penalize individuals who participate in a team with an aggressive reputation. In a balanced design, 38 football referees were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group and were presented with the same 50 video clips of incidents from football games, all involving a team in a blue strip ('blue team'). The incidents were categorized before the study by five experienced referees into fouls committed both by, and against, the blue team, where all participants agreed that a foul had been committed (certain incidents), disagreed it was a foul (uncertain incidents) or agreed that there was no foul (innocuous incidents). Both groups received written instructions before the task; in addition, the experimental group was informed that the blue team present in all of the clips had a reputation for foul and aggressive play. For each incident, the participants were required to indicate what action they would engage in if refereeing the game. Although there was no difference in the number of decisions made, the experimental group awarded significantly more red and yellow cards against the blue team both overall and for the 'certain' incidents. It is suggested that prior knowledge may impact referees' behaviour in a laboratory setting, although future research should explore whether a similar effect is observed in the behaviour of referees during football matches.     

足球裁判对比赛时间的控制

对2000欧洲杯和98-99中国甲A联赛的比赛实际时间、纯时间、中断次数、犯规与警告次数进行对比分析，指出国际、国内足球裁判在控制比赛时间和停顿方面的差距。建议国内裁判应严格控制比赛实际时间，正确使用有利原则，促进足球运动健康发展。     

Intensities of exercise during match-play in FA Premier League referees and players

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between intensities of exercise during match-play of elite-standard soccer referees with those of the players from the same match. Match analysis data were collected (Prozone® Leeds, UK) for 18 elite-standard soccer referees (age 26–49 years) on FA Premier League matches during the 2008/09 English FA Premier League season (236 observations). Running categories for referees and players were as follows: total distance covered (m); high-speed running distance (speed >19.8 km · h^?1); and sprinting distance (speed >25.2 km · h^?1). Analysis of the distance–time regression coefficients revealed no differences between the referees' and players' within-match rates of change for total distance covered (?0.594 ± 0.394 vs. ?0.713 ± 0.269 m · min^?1; P = 0.104), high-speed running (?0.039 ± 0.077 vs. ?0.059 ± 0.030 m · min^?1; P = 0.199), and sprinting (?0.003 ± 0.039 vs. ?0.021 ± 0.017 m · min^?1; P = 0.114). In addition, there were no differences between across-season rates of change for total distance (–26.756 ± 40.434 vs. ?20.031 ± 25.502 m per match day; P = 0.439) and sprinting (–9.662 ± 7.564 vs. ?8.589 ± 4.351 m per match day; P = 0.542). These results show that elite-standard soccer referees' intensities of exercise during match-play are interrelated with those of the players and thus demonstrate that referees are able to keep pace with the players during FA Premier League matches.     

The impact of a team's aggressive reputation on the decisions of association football referees

It has been suggested that individuals may use heuristic methods of reasoning and rely on schemata when a quick decision is necessary. Accordingly, it is possible that decisions made by sport officials may be influenced by prior knowledge they have about teams they are officiating. The aim of the present study was to determine whether sport officials are more likely to penalize individuals who participate in a team with an aggressive reputation. In a balanced design, 38 football referees were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group and were presented with the same 50 video clips of incidents from football games, all involving a team in a blue strip ('blue team'). The incidents were categorized before the study by five experienced referees into fouls committed both by, and against, the blue team, where all participants agreed that a foul had been committed (certain incidents), disagreed it was a foul (uncertain incidents) or agreed that there was no foul (innocuous incidents). Both groups received written instructions before the task; in addition, the experimental group was informed that the blue team present in all of the clips had a reputation for foul and aggressive play. For each incident, the participants were required to indicate what action they would engage in if refereeing the game. Although there was no difference in the number of decisions made, the experimental group awarded significantly more red and yellow cards against the blue team both overall and for the 'certain' incidents. It is suggested that prior knowledge may impact referees' behaviour in a laboratory setting, although future research should explore whether a similar effect is observed in the behaviour of referees during football matches.     

第17届世界杯足球赛决赛阶段运动员犯规特征分析

通过对第 17届世界杯足球赛决赛阶段 6 4场比赛场上运动员犯规特征统计分析 ,结果表明 :全部比赛运动员共犯规 2 2 4 2次 ,越位 35 3次 ,被判红牌 15张、黄牌 2 6 2张。平均 2 .5 7min有 1次犯规 ,16 .30 min发生 1次越位 ,2 2 .0 0 m in出示 1张黄牌     

‘True fan = watch match’? In search of the ‘Authentic’ soccer fan

Academics have created typologies to divide association football (soccer) fans into categories based upon the ‘authenticity’ of their fandom practices. One of the main requirements of ‘authentic’ fandom has been assumed to be match attendance. The goal of this paper was to critically assess this assumption by considering how fans themselves talk about the significance of match attendance as evidence of ‘authentic’ fandom. In the light of the fact that the voices of English non-league fans on the ‘authenticity’ debate have so far been overshadowed by the overbearing focus of much previous research on the upper echelons of English soccer, an e-survey was conducted with 151 members of an online community of fans of English Northern League (NL) clubs (a semi-professional / amateur league based in North East England). Findings revealed that opinion was divided on the constituents of ‘authentic’ fandom and match attendance was not deemed to be the core evidence of support for a club by 42% of the sample. Elias (1978) suggested that dichotomous thinking hinders sociological understanding and it is concluded that fan typologies are not sufficient for assessing the ‘authenticity’ of fan activities.     

足球比赛“瞬间误判”现象分析及纠正方法

针对足球裁判员在比赛过程中出现＂瞬间误判＂的现象,文章从心理,生理方面进行了分析,对参加足球甲级联赛哈尔滨赛区以及全国足球超级联赛吉林和辽宁赛区的80名足球裁判员进行走访得出：克服心理障碍、熟悉参赛双方球队的攻守战术、了解球员的技术特点、提高判断预见力、注意合理放松、提高有限注意容量,是解决＂瞬间误判＂的有效纠正方法。从而提高足球裁判员的执法水平,降低瞬间误判的出现几率,保证比赛公正、公平有序的进行。     

Referee bias contributes to home advantage in English Premiership football

Abstract

Officiating bias is thought to contribute to home advantage. Recent research has shown that sports with subjective officiating tend to experience greater home advantage and that referees' decisions can be influenced by crowd noise, but little work has been done to examine whether individual referees vary in their home bias or whether biased decisions contribute to overall home advantage. We develop an ordinal regression model to determine whether various measures of home advantage are affected by the official for the match and by crowd size while controlling for team ability. We examine 5244 English Premier League (EPL) match results involving 50 referees and find that home bias differs between referees. Individual referees give significantly different levels of home advantage, measured as goal differential between the home and away teams, although the significance of this result depends on one referee with a particularly high home advantage (an outlier). Referees vary significantly and robustly in their yellow card and penalty differentials even excluding the outlier. These results confirm that referees are responsible for some of the observed home advantage in the EPL and suggest that home advantage is dependent on the subjective decisions of referees that vary between individuals. We hypothesize that individual referees respond differently to factors such as crowd noise and suggest further research looking at referees' psychological and behavioural responses to biased crowds.     

第18届世界杯足球赛决赛阶段运动员的犯规特征

通过对第18届世界杯足球决赛阶段的64场比赛的犯规情况特征统计分析,结果表明各类犯规情况都高于上届。全部比赛运动员共犯规2 349次,越位386次,红牌28张,黄牌345张。平均2.45min有1次犯规,14.93min有1次越位,16.7min有1张黄牌。淘汰赛场均犯规率高于小组赛。     

对欧洲高水平足球运动员犯规特征的研究

通过对2004年欧洲杯足球赛16支球队31场比赛中犯规动作进行技术统计研究,对欧洲高水平足球运动员的犯规特征及规律进行统计研究,结果发现,在2004年欧洲杯足球赛全部比赛中上、下半场犯规次数相差不大,但下半场裁判员出示的红、黄牌数量远远高于上半场,上、下半场最后15 m in是犯规最多的时间段;现代足球比赛中利用犯规来破坏对方的进攻逐渐发展成为一种重要的战术手段。     

对我国足球职业联赛竞技能力的探析——基于中超与欧洲五大联赛主、客场攻守数据的比较分析

采用录像观察法。对中超和欧洲五大联赛主、客场攻守数据进行了对比分析,指出竞技能力才是影响比赛结果的关键要素。研究认为：（1）与欧洲联赛相比,五大联赛各队之间竞争较均衡,中超各队之间竞争不均衡,实力相差悬殊,中超的整体技战术水平和运动员个人技术的全面性都不如五大联赛。中超各队还缺少鲜明的特点和风格;（2）西甲各队的技战术水平比较成熟,主、客场进攻与防守能力较为平衡;（3）西甲在主、客场胜负率上没有显著性差异,证明其不愧为是世界上最强的职业联赛;（4）中超及五大联赛在主、客场进球数上均没有显著性差异,表明客场不利因素的影响在减小;（5）德甲在主、客场失球上有显著性差异,是防守能力不足的表现。     

论立足业余足球联赛增强裁判能力的培养

足球裁判员是足球比赛的有机组成部分,没有高水平的裁判员,就没有高水平的足球比赛。我们在业余足球联赛过程中,可以通过对年轻足球裁判员的理论培训并给予较多的上场锻炼机会,以逐步增强裁判员的自信心,不断提高他们的判罚能力,从而培养出一批业务合格、作风出色、能够完成各级联赛任务的年轻足球裁判员。他们的成长提高又对促进业余足球联赛的健康发展有着积极的影响。     

解析欧足联即将推行的“财政公平政策”——矛头直指“烧钱”超

针对欧洲顶级联赛俱乐部出现的收支严重亏损状况,特剐是英超,欧足联提出并通过了“财政公平政策”,旨在使欧洲足球的发展更加均衡。英超采取应对措施：实施“本土8人”新规;20支球队还要定期向英足总提交俱乐部财务报表。但是这一政策仍然存在一些问题：“财政公平“可能会凸现马太效应,豪门受益的状况难以得到扭转,青训体系可能会发生很大变化。     

中国与欧洲高水平足球运动员犯规动作特征的对比研究

通过对＇96甲A和第10届欧洲足球锦标赛共54场、108队次队员犯规动作的对比研究,从犯规动作的部位,施加的对象,犯规性质等方面,揭示了不同水平的足球运动员犯规动作的规律性特征为裁判员提高判罚的准确性以及队员在训练中有针对性地提高个人的防守抢截能力,提供参考依据。