Stimulus Velocity,Duration and Uncertainty as Determiners of Response Structure and Timing Accuracy

Abstract

The present experiments examined the effects of stimulus velocity, stimulus duration, and stimulus uncertainty on the spatial-temporal structure and timing accuracy of coincident timing responses. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that the response structure for aimed movements differed from that of ballistic movements but response accuracy was comparable for both movement conditions. However, when information concerning the stimulus velocity was provided, the responses to the faster stimuli (i.e., stimuli of shorter duration) appeared to be “speeded up” copies of those to slower stimuli and response accuracy increased as the stimulus velocity increased (i.e., stimulus duration decreased). When the stimulus velocity was not known, subjects initiated a common response for approximately 260 msec and response accuracy appeared to decrease as the stimulus velocity increased (i.e., stimulus duration decreased). Experiment 2 indicated that the stimulus duration rather than the stimulus velocity was the major determiner of both the spatial-temporal structure and timing accuracy and that a very fast and a very slow stimulus will be responded to similarly when the stimulus duration remains constant.     

Sport-specific musculoskeletal growth and postural control in female artistic gymnasts: a 12 month cohort study

Abstract

Female gymnasts have been evidenced to experience sport-specific growth, of which broad shoulders and narrow hips are common characteristics. In addition to being a central component of handstand performance, postural control mechanisms, including whole-body and lumbo-pelvic stability, have been identified as risk factors for overuse spinal pathology. The study aimed to develop a fundamental understanding of musculoskeletal growth and postural control responses of female artistic gymnasts in order to extend longitudinal insights into overuse spinal pathology risk. Whole-body anthropometric measures were collected for 12 competitive female gymnasts (age at recruitment: nine to 15 years) at three time points across a 12 month period. Musculoskeletal growth was partially defined as the rate of bicristal-to-biacromial breadth ratio development, and informed shoulder- and pelvis-dominant growth sub-groups. Kinematic and kinetic indicators of postural control were determined for a total of 700 handstand trials. The shoulder-dominant (gymnastics-specific) growth group was found to have significantly greater biomechanical risk for general stability (p < 0.001) than the pelvis-dominant group. Significantly greater lumbo-pelvic risk was demonstrated for the pelvis-dominant group (p < 0.001). Extended idiosyncratic examination of proportional sport-specific growth measures alongside multi-faceted risk monitoring was advocated for the effective development of future overuse pathology prevention protocols.     

运动相关颅脑创伤流行病学调查

目的：研究我国华东地区运动相关颅脑创伤的流行病学特征,了解运动相关颅脑创伤的伤情特点,为预防与治疗提供科学依据。方法：从“20（14年华东六省一市颅脑创伤住院患者”数据库中整群抽取运动伤患者．用SPSS13．0统计软件包分析。结果：689例运动相关颅脑创伤患者中男女之比为5．06：1。平均年龄（21．49±7．98）岁.21～30岁年龄组所占比例最大,为45．0％。颅脑创伤多发生于足球、拳击等对抗性运动,其中足球所占比例最大,为16．0％。689例患者大多数为轻型颅脑创伤（GCS13分～15分）,占81．6％。脑震荡是最常见的损伤类型,占299例。患者最常见合并有颌面部损伤。所有住院病人中无死亡病例,植物生存占5．2％,重度残疾占3．9％,中度残疾占10．9％,恢复良好占80．0％。spearman等级相关分析显示,患者的出院GOS评分与入院GCS评分和运动类型显著相关（P〈0．001）;而年龄与GOS无显著相关性。结论在我国华东地区,运动相关颅脑创伤高发于参与对抗性运动的中青年男性,脑震荡是最常见的损伤类型,患者多伴有颌面部损伤。我国相关机构应针对运动相关颅脑创伤的发病特点,制定有针对性的预防措施,以降低其发生率。     

高雅艺术与体育教学融合的实践研究以芭蕾形体课为例

通过教学实践,从基本技术学习、掌握相关理论、提高相应能力、塑造自身形体等方面,对在工科院校女生体育课中开设芭蕾形体课的教学效果进行了研究。结果表明普通高校开设芭蕾形体课程,既能增强学生能力促创新,又能提高学生气质塑形体,是高雅艺术与体育教学的有机融合,是实施素质教育又一有效途径,定会对素质教育和高雅艺术教育的普及和发展起到推进作用。     

拉丁舞教学程序模式的构建

通过对芭蕾舞基本功、爵士舞基本功和拉丁舞的教学分析,构建了拉丁舞教学程序模式,为广大体育舞蹈教学工作者和爱好者,提供了拉丁舞教学的一个新方法、一个新模式、一条新途径。     

Epidemiology of injuries in First Division Spanish football

Abstract

The aim was to examine the injuries sustained by Spanish football players in the First Division and to compare injury-related variables in the context of both competition and training. The injury data were prospectively collected from 16 teams (427 players) using a specific web-based survey during the 2008/2009 season. A total of 1293 injuries were identified (145 were recurring injuries). The overall injury incidence was 5.65 injuries per 1000 h of exposure. Injuries were much more common during competition than during training (43.53 vs. 3.55 injuries per 1000 h of exposure, P < 0.05). Most of the injuries (89.6%) involved the lower extremities, and overuse (65.7%) was the main cause. Muscle and tendon injuries were the most common types of injury (53.8%) among the players. The incidence of training injuries was greater during the pre-season and tended to decrease throughout the season, while the incidence of competition injuries increased throughout the season (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest the need for injury prevention protocols in the First Division of the Spanish Football League to reduce the number of overuse injuries in the muscles and tendons in the lower extremities. In addition, special attention should be paid during the pre-season and the competitive phase II (the last four months of the season) in order to prevent training and competition injuries, respectively.     

单板U型场地滑雪项目运动员损伤特征分析

目的：探讨国家单板U型场地滑雪项目运动队损伤特征,提供预防措施。研究方法：采用临床检查、回顾调查、实地观察和现场摄像等方法,对16名国家队运动员损伤进行横断面调查和跟踪研究。结果：损伤由多病因综合作用产生,下肢损伤多于上肢,严重损伤少,过度使用损伤较多;陆训期以过度使用损伤为主,没有上肢损伤,急性损伤多在雪上训练比赛期发生,上肢损伤明显增加。结论：强调训练因素对损伤的影响;陆地训练时训练中要有预康复训练,雪上训练比赛期重视优秀运动员上肢损伤,维持规范的力量训练。     

Concussion management in soccer

Brain injuries in sports drew more and more public attentions in recent years. Brain injuries vary by name, type, and severity in the athletic setting. It should be noted, however, that these injuries are not isolated to only the athletic arena, as non-athletic mechanisms (e.g., motor vehicle accidents) are more common causes of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) among teenagers. Notwithstanding, as many as 1.6 to 3.8 million TBI result from sports and recreation each year in the United States alone. These injuries are extremely costly to the global health care system, and make TBI among the most expensive conditions to treat in children. This article serves to define common brain injuries in sport; describe their prevalence, what happens to the brain following injury, how to recognize and manage these injuries, and what you can expect as the athlete recovers. Some return-to-activity considerations for the brain-injured athlete will also be discussed.     

SZ-88IIIGN型熏蒸床辅助治疗腰部软组织劳损51例临床观察

91例患者随机分成治疗组51例和对照组40例,治疗1个疗程,观察比较2组的疗效。结果显示:治疗组治愈率80.4%,对照组治愈率57.5%,经统计学检验差异极显著(P<0.01),薰蒸床辅助治疗该病的临床疗效优于传统的中药外洗治疗法。     

Overuse in volleyball training/practice: A review on shoulder and spine-related injuries

Abstract

Overuse injuries are predominant in sports involving the repetition of similar movements patterns, such as in volleyball or beach volleyball, and they may represent as much a problem as do acute injuries. This review discusses the prevalence of two of the most common overuse-related injuries in volleyball: shoulder and back/spine injuries. Risk factors and the aetiology of these injuries are illustrated in order to make possible to initiate preventive programme or post-injuries solutions. Data collected from literature showed a moderately higher injury rate for overuse shoulder injuries compared to the back/spine (19.0±11.2% and 16.8±9.7%, respectively). These data could be underestimated, and future epidemiological studies should consider overuse injuries separately from the others, with new methodological approaches. In addition to age, biomechanical and anatomical features of a volleyball technique utilised in game and the amount of hours played are considered as the main risk factors for overuse upper limb injuries, both for professional and recreational athletes. Together with post-injuries solutions, great importance has to be placed on preventive programmes, such as preventive rehabilitation, stretching, adequate warm up, strength-power exercises, etc. Furthermore, it is particularly suggested that coaches and players work together in order to develop new game/training techniques that minimise stresses and range of motion of the principal anatomical structures involved, while maintaining athletes performance.