Academic capabilities in developing countries—A conceptual framework with empirical illustrations from Thailand

The role of universities in the technological upgrading of developing countries is attracting more and more interest from both the academic community and policy makers. This paper is proposing a new framework to understand this role by introducing the concept of academic capabilities. Its application is illustrated based on the case of Thailand. It is shown that the concept of academic capabilities allows interpreting higher education data and information in an innovative way. It can be applied to relate the multiple facets of universities (e.g. research, teaching, technology transfer, management) to the overall process of technological change and development.     

广西开设东盟小语种专业院校人才培养的调查与研究

以广西区内开设有东盟小语种专业的几所院校为调查对象,采用问卷及访谈的形式对各院校的人才培养模式进行调查,从中发现现阶段东盟小语种高职教育存在的主要问题,同时获得东盟小语种专业人才培养的经验、启示.     

连锁经营专业人才三种培养模式对比分析的新思考

高等职业教育的人才培养区别于大学研究教育和普通职业教育的人才培养,高职教育定位于理论够用,技能实用的培养目标,理论和实践相结合的培养方向。探索符合高职高专学生的教学模式,是适应社会高职教育的需要,也是适应高职学生成长的需要。文章以高职教育中的连锁经营管理专业为例,对三种人才培养的教学模式进行对比、分析及思考,分析其优缺点,探索总结出适合高职发展特色和能力要求的模式,目标是推动连锁经营管理专业的持续发展,提高高职教育的教学质量。     

Local context,academic entrepreneurship and open science: Publication secrecy and commercial activity among Japanese and US scientists

Like the US before it, Japan has adopted a series of policy initiatives designed to encourage the commercialization of academic science. However, such initiatives may also adversely affect “open-science”. Based on matched surveys of almost 1000 researchers in Japan and over 800 in the US, the paper examines rates of commercial activity, reasons to patent, and secrecy related to research results. In particular, it examines the extent to which participation in commercial activity is associated with publication secrecy. The results show that patenting rates are higher in Japan, while industry funding is more common in the US. In addition, the overall level of publication secrecy is greater in Japan. And, in both countries, individuals who are commercially active are less likely to share their research results through publication. But, patents are less directly linked to commercial activity in Japan than in the US, and have less impact on academic secrecy. The results suggest that academic entrepreneurship is associated with reduced participation in open science, but that the extent of adverse effects depends significantly on institutional context.     

薪酬、授权、培训、职业发展与组织创新 关系研究

摘要：有研究指出,特定的企业人力资源管理实践活动作为组织战略的重要体现,会对组织创新起到推动作用。本文以实证方式对合理授权、广泛培训、提供支持性的薪酬福利,推动职业发展的人力资源管理实践等活动与组织创新间的关系进行了探讨。研究表明,推动职业发展的人力资源管理实践,广泛的企业培训对组织创新因变量的解释量最大。同时,合理授权、广泛培训、职业生涯发展和提供支持性的薪酬福利等人力资源管理实践均对组织创新整体变量以及组织创新的多数维度产生正向影响。本研究将有助于我们加深对企业人力资源管理实践与企业创新间关系的理解,从而使企业的创新推动策略更具针对性和适应性。     

Breaking the Ivory Tower: Academic Entrepreneurship in the Life Sciences in UK and Germany

We examine engagement in commercial activities (consulting, patenting, and founding) among more than 2200 German and UK life scientists. We test hypotheses that include attributes of individuals, their material and social resources, and perceptions about values and reputation. We find that characteristics reflecting professional security, advantage and productivity are strong predictors for a greater breadth of participation in academic entrepreneurship, but not for all forms of technology transfer that we are able to test. For such academics, science and commerce go hand in hand, as they are best poised to straddle the boundary between industry and academy. We find strong support, however, that scientists perceive the value of patenting differently, and the level of reputational importance placed on scientific compared to commercial achievements matters in shaping commercial involvement.     

高职护理人才培养模式改革概述

随着社会的迅猛发展,科学技术的快速进步,医疗卫生保健事业的不断改革,目前我国需要大量优秀的护理人才来适应社会发展的要求,高职护理专业迎来了巨大的历史机遇期与挑战。文章从高职护理人才培养模式的概况入手,剖析了目前高职护理教育中存在的一些问题,总结了人才培养模式改革的方式,为深化开展高职护理教育改革的实践和研究提供参考。     

开放服务：学术期刊知识服务转型发展的突破路径

【目的】 在学术期刊的知识服务实践受到技术与内容双重阻滞的背景下,探讨其转型发展的突破路径。【方法】 基于创新理论框架,结合典型案例分析当前学术期刊知识服务实践与理论研究中尤为薄弱的资源配置与组织创新模式。【结果】 开放科学极大拓展了知识资源,知识付费促进知识资源生产方式迅速迭代,二者为资源配置与组织创新提供了极为有利的条件。【结论】 学术期刊应以开放服务思维变革知识服务的组织结构和管理方式,积极利用开放知识、开放工具和平台建立桥梁,驱动用户把知识服务深度嵌入自身活动过程,使之成为支持用户创新的强大工具。     

Knowledge integration in the shadow of tacit spillovers: Empirical evidence from U.S. R&D labs

Integrating knowledge across a firm's value chain (e.g. between R&D, marketing and manufacturing functions), which we denote “Knowledge Integration” (KI), has been consistently found to be a strong predictor of product innovation performance in the management literature. Such cross-functional integration does not occur by chance, but by design, as a result of managerial practices and organizational arrangements. The significant heterogeneity characterizing the diffusion of cross-functional integration across firms is suggestive of the well-known tension between internal and external diffusion of knowledge. In this paper, we argue that the hidden cost of KI is to expose firms to a higher risk of knowledge leakages and provide the first systematic empirical evidence of this apparent tension between internal and external knowledge flows. Based on data from the CMU Survey (one of the rare datasets offering observables on both sides of the tension for a representative set of R&D active firms in the US), we investigate the impact of knowledge spillovers to competitors on internal cross-functional knowledge integration involving the R&D function among manufacturing firms. We find that the intensity of (tacit) R&D knowledge spillovers at the industry-level has a negative and significant impact on the likelihood that firms adopt or achieve KI. Our results therefore suggest that firms may trade their optimal innovative performance against superior appropriability of their rents.     

Organizational climate and its influence on brokers’ knowledge transfer activities: A structural equation modeling

The purpose of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the processes involved in transferring knowledge into action. Obviously an interesting subject of research, it is worthwhile delving into the role played by knowledge brokers in bridging the gap between research and practice. This paper investigates the relationship between organizational climate and brokers’ knowledge transfer activities. The structural equation model was tested, using survey data from 301 respondents who primarily carry out their professional activities in health services, such as knowledge brokers. The results suggest two major findings: first, that the organizational climate as a multidimensional concept has a direct positive impact on the brokers’ knowledge transfer activities; secondly, that the organizational climate, characterized by the autonomy granted to brokers and a cooperative climate play an indirect role in affecting the knowledge transfer activities through the mediation of the organizational support provided to brokers.     

科学奖励中的个人与集体——以青蒿素获奖引发争论事件为例

屠呦呦因发现青蒿素获得拉斯克医学奖,在中国引发了关于科学奖励中个人与集体关系的争论。本文在阐明青蒿素大协作背景及发现过程的基础上,分析并比较中国科学承认和奖励中"集体主义"价值取向与美国科学奖励中注重独创性和个人发现优先权的"个人主义"价值取向,最后本文讨论了如何处理科学奖励中个人与集体的关系问题,指出个人导向的奖励制度与个人产权为基础的国家产权结构,集体导向的奖励制度与公共产权结构密切联系,并认为两种奖励制度各有优劣,如何在制度设计中更好地处理科学奖励中集体与个体的关系仍然是一个值得研究的问题。     

From divergent meanings to common practices: The early institutionalization of technology transfer in the life sciences at Stanford University

The formation of Stanford University's technology transfer program in the life sciences is analyzed from 1968 to 1982. The program evolved from multiple models based on divergent definitions of invention, inventor, rewards, and university-industry boundaries. The eventual program that emerged proved to be widely emulated. The norms of the academy shaped the uses of resources and the conditions of their appropriation. In turn, the currency of industrial science prompted the rethinking of academic norms. The analysis offers insight into the early stages of institutionalization, as the ambiguity of important categories and flexibility of policies were transformed into organizational routines. Today's ‘settled’ outcomes are the product of highly divergent practices.     

知识经济时代高校图书馆期刊工作人员的继续教育与培训

本文探讨了知识经济条件下期刊工作的发展方向,分析了当前高校图书馆期刊工作人员现状．提出了高校图书馆期刊工作人员继续教育、改变知识结构的措施。     

当代国际科学学主流学术群体及其代表人物

运用信息可视化技术等新兴科学计量学方法,对1995年至2004年国际科学学领域论文高被引频次前50名作者进行分析,绘制出科学学主流学术群体及其代表人物的知识图谱。该图谱形象地显示出这些高影响力作者在当代国际科学学主流领域,形成了科技管理与政策、情报学与信息检索、科学知识图谱与信息可视化、网络计量学、科学社会学与科学知识社会学、科学计量学理论与科研评价等前沿分支学科的6个学术群体。成为这些前沿学科与主流群体的代表人物。他们为开创或发展当代科学学主流分支学科做出了突出贡献,产生了巨大影响,值得我国科学学界密切关注。     

因特网在高校图书馆应用中的难点及对策

本文对因特网在高校图书馆中的地位、作用以及存在的问题进行讨论,以此推动和加速高校图书馆网络化建设走向正规化发展的道路。     

Universities and regional economic development: The entrepreneurial University of Waterloo

This paper argues that the contribution of some universities to local and regional economic dynamism is much richer than overly mechanistic depictions suggest. Beyond generating commercializable knowledge and qualified research scientists, universities produce other mechanisms of knowledge transfer, such as generating and attracting talent to the local economy, and collaborating with local industry by providing formal and informal technical support. A detailed case study of the University of Waterloo, in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, with its progressive Coop and Entrepreneurial education programs, and innovative Intellectual Property policy, illustrates the way in which the university has contributed to growth and innovation in the local and regional economy.     

The spill-over theory reversed: The impact of regional economies on the commercialization of university science

The concept of regional technology spill-overs created by university research is one of the most enduring theories within the economic geography and innovation management fields. This article introduces an alternative perspective on academic commercialization, arguing that the quality of a university's regional environment can significantly impact a university's success in commercializing science. Recent research on university technology transfer stresses the importance of personal contacts between academic and industry scientists in driving commercialization. The social structure of the regional economy in which a university is embedded will strongly influence the density of contacts linking university scientists with individuals in industry, and through doing so, impact the density of networks through which university knowledge can be commercialized. Social network analysis is used to examine the quality of social ties linking industry and university scientists within the San Francisco and Los Angeles California biotechnology industries over the 1980–2005 period. Results support the theory that the existence of strong social networks linking inventors heightens university commercialization output. Despite similar university research endowments, universities in San Francisco have dramatically commercialization outputs than San Francisco, which is correlated with the existence of cohesive inventor networks linking industry and university scientists in this region, but not Los Angeles. Moreover, longitudinal analysis shows that the commercialization output of San Francisco universities increased substantially starting in the early 1990s, the time period in which cohesive inventor networks emerged in the region.     

知识经济时代技术和职业教育与培训现状及发展趋势

根据国际教育分类标准,分析当前国际不同阶段技术和职业教育与培训的实施情况以及国际不同地区技术职业的高等教育状况,并介绍知识经济时代技术和职业教育与培训的5个发展趋势。指出知识经济时代要求高层次技术和职业教育与培训的多样化,只有通过持续学习和终身学习,才能培养具有多种知识技能并适应快速社会变化的人才。     

计算机专业大学生科技创新协作能力培养研究

针对计算机专业大学生在科研创新合作能力上的特点,从专业课程体系设置、适应行业企业的人才培养、以考试为中心的培养方式等方面阐述了高等院校计算机专业人才培养存在问题,从课程体系改革与人才培养优化、创新性实践能力培养、师生互动合作等方面分析了开展科技创新协作能力的必要性,从改革教育模式、增强自主实践创造环节、加强校企合作等方面提出了培养科技创新协作能力的方法,最后进行了总结。     

Publication and patent behavior of academic researchers: Conflicting, reinforcing or merely co-existing?

Increasing entrepreneurial activity within academia has raised concerns that the number of publications added to the scientific commons might be reduced or that academic research would be directed exclusively towards the application-oriented needs of industry. In the case of academic inventions, the potential conflict between public- and private-oriented considerations seems most salient. In this contribution, we examine whether the publication behavior of academic inventors (at K.U. Leuven) differs from their colleagues (non-inventors) working within similar fields of research. Our analysis reveals that inventors publish significantly more. Moreover, no empirical evidence was found for the ‘skewing problem’. These findings not only suggest the co-existence of both activities; they may actually reinforce each other.