Using our Heads and HARTSS*: Developing Perspective-Taking Skills for Socioscientific Reasoning (*Humanities,ARTs, and Social Sciences)

Functional scientific literacy demands an informed citizenry capable of negotiating controversial socioscientific issues (SSI). Perspective taking is critical to SSI implementation as it enables understanding of the diverse cognitive and emotional perspectives of others. Science teacher educators must therefore facilitate teachers’ promotion of classroom environments that value diverse perspectives. The purpose of this theoretical paper is to propose the HARTSS model through which successful practices that promote perspective taking in the humanities, arts, and social sciences are identified and translated into socioscientific contexts, thereby developing an array of promising interventions designed for science teacher educators to foster perspective taking in current and future science teachers and their students.     

对情绪失调的智力障碍学生心理辅导的个案研究

情绪失调是一种常见的心理问题,它严重影响了孩子的心理健康和身体发育。为了避免情绪失调所带来的厌学、退缩、拒食等问题行为,探索改变情绪失调的有效策略,本研究从认知的角度出发采用了心理辅导及家庭介入的方法,取得了比较理想的效果。研究发现,通过改变家庭环境中的人为因素以及运用认知重建等策略能较好地改变因情绪失调产生的问题行为。     

广告说服认知关联分析

本文运用认知语用学的关联理论,从认知因素,情感体验,行为图式等层面分析了广告对消费者的说服原理,为广告语言和说服策略研究提供一种认知语用视角。     

Inclusion in Mozambique: a case study on a cooperative learning intervention / La inclusión en Mozambique: un estudio de casos sobre una intervención de aprendizaje cooperativo

Illiteracy is one of the main obstacles preventing a country from overcoming poverty. The Mozambican government’s recent efforts aim to guarantee education for all its citizens, including those with disabilities, in order to reach both cognitive and social skills which maximize their growth and development. This paper offers a complex analysis of a case study dealing with an intervention based on a cooperative learning approach for the inclusion of students with special education needs (SEN) in a class of a secondary high school in Maputo city. A clinical and qualitative perspective is adopted in reporting the data, attempting to analyse the organizational, psychosocial, relational and emotional dimensions. Some reflections are provided which refer to key factors which could affect the sustainability of good inclusive practices over time.     

Taking an insect-inspired approach to bird navigation

Navigation is an essential skill for many animals, and understanding how animal use environmental information, particularly visual information, to navigate has a long history in both ethology and psychology. In birds, the dominant approach for investigating navigation at small-scales comes from comparative psychology, which emphasizes the cognitive representations underpinning spatial memory. The majority of this work is based in the laboratory and it is unclear whether this context itself affects the information that birds learn and use when they search for a location. Data from hummingbirds suggests that birds in the wild might use visual information in quite a different manner. To reconcile these differences, here we propose a new approach to avian navigation, inspired by the sensory-driven study of navigation in insects. Using methods devised for studying the navigation of insects, it is possible to quantify the visual information available to navigating birds, and then to determine how this information influences those birds’ navigation decisions. Focusing on four areas that we consider characteristic of the insect navigation perspective, we discuss how this approach has shone light on the information insects use to navigate, and assess the prospects of taking a similar approach with birds. Although birds and insects differ in many ways, there is nothing in the insect-inspired approach of the kind we describe that means these methods need be restricted to insects. On the contrary, adopting such an approach could provide a fresh perspective on the well-studied question of how birds navigate through a variety of environments.     

PASS理论在数学学习困难研究领域中的应用

注重内部认知过程分析的PASS理论及其认知评估系统DN:CAS,为动态评估学习困难儿童的认知过程提供了系统的理论依据和有效的操作工具。国外近年来展开的基于PASS理论的数学学习困难研究主要集中在:PASS认知过程与数学成就的关系、不同类型数学学习困难儿童的认知特征与缺陷模式、及针对计划的干预研究。这些研究虽还不够深入,但却为数学学习困难领域的进一步系统化研究奠定了基础。     

A school-based intervention on elementary students’ school engagement

Prior research has reported signs of low engagement in the early stages of schooling. The present study assessed the effectiveness of a school-based intervention that promotes cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement in elementary school children through a story tool. The study followed a cluster-randomized design with 259 fourth graders nested in 12 classes; the classes, not the individuals, were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. Both groups were assessed in four waves in two measures for each engagement dimension. Data were analyzed with a multilevel approach. Findings show that the intervention enhanced students’ cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement. Still, there is a delay before the intervention program exhibits a beneficial effect.Moreover, gender discrepancies were found. Before the intervention, girls showed higher cognitive and emotional engagement, but boys exhibited higher emotional engagement after the intervention. In addition, current results indicate that the program benefited the boys more than the girls. Finally, there was no evidence that the engagement outcomes differed depending on the parent’s educational level. Findings provide valuable information for future research and educational practice.     

从“穿”字语义分析看现代汉语词汇语义分析的新视野

以汉语“穿”字的语义分析为例可证明：从语言的形式和功能界面研究角度出发。用语义理论的新发展指导，以构式为单位开展词汇语义研究，并将认知和文化因素引入词汇表征。可以得到较为完善的从语义到句法使用层次的汉语词汇语义表征网络。     

从接受理论看莎剧的两种中译本——以《罗密欧与朱丽叶》为个案

接受理论启示我们,译者对读者的选择和立体关照是读者接受译作的关键.读者的介入为评价朱生豪和梁实秋对莎士比亚戏剧的翻译提供了新的视角:正是两人选择了不同的读者群体,并对他们进行了立体关照,从而获得了不同读者的青睐.     

认知隐喻理论及隐喻能力培养

认知隐喻理论认为隐喻不仅是语言现象,还是人类的思维方式和认知工具。"概念隐喻理论"和"合成空间理论"是认知隐喻理论中对隐喻最具解释力的两大派系。在介绍这两个理论的基础上,可以进而探讨隐喻能力在外语教学中的重要性,以及如何培养隐喻能力。     

Wolf cries: on power,emotions and critical literacy in first-language teaching in Sweden

Adopting a critical literacy perspective in teaching is about how experiences, social contexts, languages, learning and power relations interact in language development. In this article, we explore how students’ critical literacies are enhanced and hindered by emotional power relations in the classroom. We investigate what happens when emotionally charged texts – here texts about wolves in Sweden – are used in lower secondary schools. Drawing on two examples we illustrate different ways of enhancing students’ critical approach to the argumentative text type. The article highlights the affective aspects of teaching, and thus the unforeseeable aspects of classroom interaction. Emotionally, the wolf issue became very different objects for the persons occupying the classrooms. It invoked, e.g. homosocial relations, racist accounts and nationalistic outbursts. The article stresses the significance of teacher intervention but argues that to facilitate critical literacy in emotionally charged classrooms, the circulation of emotions, including teachers’ emotions must be brought to light.     

仿拟的认知阐释——基于概念合成理论与关联理论

通过整合认知语言学的概念合成理论和认知语用学的关联理论,得出了新的理论——概念合成关联理论,并以其为理论框架分析了两则仿拟的生成与阐释机制,提出促成概念产生关联的重要因素是认知语境。认为在解读仿拟的过程中,仿拟的仿体空间和本体空间总是相互作用,在认知语境的作用下,促成各个空间概念产生关联,这些关联成为人类解读话语时认知推理的基础,在合成空间里形成层创结构,即仿拟话语的隐含意义。因此,受认知语境制约的多空间概念合成关联理论可揭示人类语言使用和理解过程中概念映现的动态本质。     

Theory of mind,directly and indirectly,facilitates kindergarten adjustment via verbal ability,executive function,and emotion knowledge

Theory of mind describes the ability to engage in perspective‐taking, understand intentions, and predict actions and emotions. Theory of mind typically achieves major developmental milestones around age of 5, coinciding with the transition to kindergarten, and is associated with a verbal ability (receptive and expressive vocabulary), executive function (inhibitory control and working memory), and emotion knowledge. Less is known about how the theory of mind operates in low‐income samples, where foundational skills (i.e., verbal ability, executive function, and emotion knowledge) tend to be delayed. Applied to classrooms, the theory of mind may support the transition to kindergarten by facilitating relationships, learning‐related behaviors, and socioemotional skills that require perspective‐taking. In a low‐income sample of 140 kindergarteners across 21 classrooms, the theory of mind was directly associated with teacher‐ratings of social and emotional skills, behavioral and academic adjustment, and closeness within the teacher–child relationship, beyond the contribution of foundational skills. Moreover, verbal ability, executive function, and emotion knowledge were indirectly associated with outcomes through the theory of mind. Findings suggest the theory of mind facilitates the transition to kindergarten and is built upon a complex set of foundational skills.     

ADOLESCENT GIRLS' COGNITIVE APPRAISALS OF COPING RESPONSES TO SEXUAL HARASSMENT

Peer sexual harassment is a stressor for many girls in middle and high school. Prior research indicates that approach strategies (seeking support or confronting) are generally more effective than avoidance strategies in alleviating stress. However, the deployment of effective coping behaviors depends partly on how individuals evaluate different options (i.e., cognitive appraisal). The present study tested sociocultural (ethnicity, parents’ education), interpersonal (perceived support from peers, mother, and father), developmental (age, perspective taking), and individual (self‐esteem, feminist self‐identification) factors as predictors of girls’ cognitive appraisals of coping responses to sexual harassment. The sample comprised 304 girls (M age = 15.5 years, range = 14 to 18 years) from diverse socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds who reported having previously experienced sexual harassment (e.g., unwanted sexual comments or actions). Cognitive appraisals of coping were based on the reported likelihood of confronting, seeking help, or using avoidance in response to sexual harassment. Regression analyses indicated that feminist identity, self‐esteem, perspective taking, perceived support, and parents’ education were variously related to appraisals of different responses.     

Supporting resilience in war-affected children: How differential impact theory is useful in humanitarian practice

This paper examines the utility of the Differential Impact Theory for child protection practitioners who work in humanitarian settings, with a focus on war-affected children. A primary advantage of DIT is that it focuses efforts to strengthen children's resilience on improving children's social ecologies at different levels. This ecological focus is more likely to address the sources of children's suffering and resilience and also helps to avoid the problems associated with an individualized focus. It also shows how DIT provides a differentiated view of war-affected children and stimulates multiple interventions at different ecological levels, avoiding the common error of taking a one size fits all approach to intervention. In keeping with DIT, it suggests that child protection practice would benefit from addressing macro-level risks such as poverty and discrimination that are drivers of various harms to children and from more systematic linkages between macro- and micro-levels. It concludes that DIT serves as a critical lens for viewing current work on child protection in humanitarian settings and also for illuminating ways to develop more comprehensive supports for children's resilience.     

A theoretical framework towards understanding of emotional and behavioural difficulties

Children’s emotional and behavioural difficulties are the result of multiple individual, social and contextual factors working in concert. The current paper proposes a theoretical framework to interpret students’ emotional and behavioural difficulties in schools, by taking into consideration teacher–student relationships, students’ social and emotional skills and classroom context. Based on Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model, according to which process, person and context are the main sources of children’s development, the current paper combines three theoretical approaches: firstly, in terms of process, the systems communication approach referring to teacher–students’ relationships; secondly, in terms of person, the Social and Emotional Learning, which refers to children’s social and emotional competences and skills; and thirdly, in terms of classroom context, the achievement goal theory, with emphasis on mastery classroom goal structure. The derived framework provides a means to capture the dynamic multidimensional process through which emotional and behavioural difficulties arise. This perspective provides educators with a comprehensive theoretical and practical preventative tool for emotional and behavioural difficulties.     

The relationship between empathy‐related constructs and care‐based moral development in young adulthood

This study examined the link between care‐based moral reasoning and three different aspects of empathy—perspective taking, sympathy and personal distress. Participants were 30 female and 28 male students, ranging in age from 20 to 42 years. As expected, results showed that perspective taking uniquely predicted care‐based moral reasoning levels (positively), as assessed by Skoe’s Ethic of Care Interview (ECI). Personal distress, in contrast, was uniquely negatively related to the ECI. There was a curvilinear relationship between sympathy and the ECI for women only; women at ECI Level 2 (self‐sacrificing care for others) scored higher on sympathy than did all others. Moreover, women scored significantly higher than did men on the emotional aspects of empathy (i.e. sympathy and personal distress) but not on cognitive perspective taking or on the ECI. These findings support the theory that empathy plays a significant (and positive) role in adults’ moral reasoning. They also highlight the complexity of sex differences in the area of moral affect and cognition. Implications for moral education are discussed.     

BHP:孤独症患者观点采择训练新方法

观点采择是个体社交能力的基础.关系框架理论RFT认为观点采择是一种操作性行为,其核心是包含人际、空间及时间三个维度的直证关系反应.基于RFT的评估和训练方案BHP采用多范例的方式来训练直证关系反应,从而促进观点采择.采用BHP方案训练孤独症儿童观点采择的多项研究发现,该方案能有效提升被试的观点采择能力,并有较好的维持和...     

顺应论对归化与异化的解释力——以鲁迅异化观为个案研究

从语用顺应论的角度来看,翻译是一个不断选择且动态顺应的过程。归化和异化作为翻译的两种策略一直是翻译研究和争论的焦点之一。针对这一问题,从顺应论的角度去审视归化和异化,并以鲁迅的异化观为个案进行分析,指出顺应论为正确看待归化与异化之争提供了新的视角,是偏向于归化还是异化,其本质就在于是否顺应了翻译目的、读者的认知语境、历史背景等因素。     

从概念整合理论看汉诗英译过程中“意象”的传递

汉、英两种语言中都有＂意象＂的存在;在概念整合理论下,经过对汉、英两种语言间＂意象＂的分析,找出两种语言使用者对＂意象＂认知模式的不同,即：汉语文化中人们对＂意象＂的认知过程往往较英语文化中人们的认知过程复杂。以此为立足点,结合翻译实践过程,探讨汉诗英译过程中＂意象＂的传递策略,并指出：直译法,意象替换法,意译法和直译加注法是处理此类问题常用的手法。