Is it dichotomy or tension: I am a scientist. No, wait! I am a teacher!

This study explores through a naturalistic inquiry the tensions between a science professor’s two enacted identities. More specifically, this study looks at how a biology professor’s identity-in-practice shifts and evolves over time through collaborations with a science education professor. These shifts were marked by an emphasis on teaching, rather than solely a focus on science. Data were collected through formal interviews and notes taken during planning sessions that took place between the biology professor and the science educator. Findings reveal that although the biology professor is able to reconcile both his science and teacher identity, structural elements of his workplace do not encourage him to enact his teacher identity. Recommendations for college science teaching are discussed.     

Thinking identity differently: dynamics of identity in self and institutional boundary

In research oriented universities, research and teaching are often viewed as separate. Aydeniz and Hodge present one professor’s struggles to synthesize an identity from three different spaces, each with competing values and core beliefs. As Mr. G’s story unfolds, and he reflects upon his negotiation between teaching and research responsibilities, we seek to expand the discussion by presenting a caution to identity researchers. The caution pertains to construction of understanding on how identities are created, and the role that individual stories take in how identities are created and enacted. In this forum contribution, we present several questions in the hopes of furthering the discussion on identity research, and our understanding of the conceptualization of institutional boundaries and objectivity, as well as questions on participant involvement in the process of research.     

翻转课堂教学个性化改进方法及其实证研究

翻转课堂的本土化过程并不是一帆风顺的。文章从资源构建、课堂教学和评价方式上,利用结构方程模型,与美国教学实施情况对比,发现翻转课堂的教学效果与教师时间分配、课堂组织、资源制作能力、学生主动性和评价方法具有密切相关性,表现为:(1)教师指导时间合理分配,能有效提高教学效果;(2)学生的课堂参与度与教学效果正相关。据此,基于前期研究的信息化工具,跟踪和记录学生个体的学习过程,利用学生个性化数据,辅助教师掌握学生个体状况;基于Pearson相关性进行分析,验证了对教师时间分配和学生参与课堂的教学方法优化可以提高教学效果。另外,结果显示,创新能力与教学效果存在间接的相关性,需要提高学习知识的深度来促进创新性培养。     

University Planning and Management in Conditions of Complexity and Uncertainty

Since 1979 the Conservative Government in the UK has made it clear that the kind of teaching and research it will support should (a) be constrained by public expenditure expectations and (b) efficiently and effectively serve the needs of society at the same time as assisting in the recovery of the national economy. This paper examines the implications of this policy for the management of UK universities, concentrating on the impact of uncertainty and the inter-related nature of complex public policy problems on the internal resource allocation processes.     

Differences in teachers' perceptions of personal control of positive versus negative student learning outcomes

Past research on teachers' causal attributions has shown there to be little relation between perceptions of responsibility for positive versus negative student learning outcomes. In this study, Weiner's model for causal attributions was employed to explore these perceived attributional differences. Data were gathered from 184 teachers from two metropolitan school districts. Statistically significant differences between attributions for positive versus negative outcomes were identified along the dimensions of both internality/externality and stability of cause. Relations to overall efficacy, teaching experience, grade level taught, and teacher gender were also explored; however, only grade level differences were found to be statistically significant.     

Relationships of research and teaching: Implications for faculty evaluation

This paper reports on research involving 23 hard science disciplines at a mid-western university. The data show a strong belief that research and teaching are complementary. Despite this, when it comes to time allocation, tradeoffs are necessary between the two functions. More time devoted to teaching is often detrimental to production of research output. More time was spent in research by higher performing researchers because they are more interested in that activity and rewards are attached to it.Administratively, evaluations tend to influence the direction faculty choose to follow. If teaching is to be restored to status equal with research, then the evaluation system must be changed to account for time input, and significant rewards for teaching must be offered.     

高校实验设备配置优化程度评价指标研究

优化配置高校的实验设备就是高校依据学科发展、人才培养、事业规划之需要,将部分资金用于购置教学科研急需的仪器设备,及时配置相应的资源,并使学校所有的仪器设备最大限度地被利用、充分有效地服务于教学科研的过程。文章应用优化资源配置的理念,用时效概念分析设备购置和利用,通过对现有评价指标的分析,优化当前的高校实验设备配置程度评价指标,以期实现设备优化配置及使用的经济性、提高资源使用效益。     

Productive Uncertainty: The Pedagogical Benefits of Co‐Creating Research in the Design Studio

Balancing the competing demands of research and teaching has long been lamented by academics. The challenges associated with Covid‐19 will make this increasingly difficult. An integrated approach to research and teaching, where students are directly engaged in the production of research, may provide a useful strategy to support ongoing research within the design disciplines whilst befitting student learning. The production of original research requires a willingness to engage in – and manage –uncertainty. Contemporary higher education acknowledges that global challenges are increasing in complexity and, thus, students require opportunities to learn to productively manage this complexity. Utilising teacher observations and student feedback, this article reflects critically on a studio model, iteratively refined over two semesters, with the deliberate intent of exacerbating the complexity already present within studio pedagogy for the production of new knowledge. It outlines a set of strategies for making manageable this uncertainty for students to ensure it is beneficial for their learning. It also identifies a number of challenges educators can face when assuming a duel role as teacher and research partner; and provides advice for negotiating these challenges.     

Varieties of discourse in supervisory conferences

The logic and substance of discourse between university supervisors and student teachers during post-observation supervisory conferences were studied in an elementary student teaching program in the United States. The findings describe these aspects of the discourse in relation to the program's goals and (a) the conceptual levels of supervisors and student teachers, (b) the content area of the lesson under analysis, and (c) the structure of the supervisor's role. Implications of the findings for research, program development, and for the preparation and training of supervisors are discussed.     

A time allocation study of university faculty

Many previous time allocation studies treat work as a single activity and examine trade-offs between work and other activities. This paper investigates the at-work allocation of time among teaching, research, grant writing and service by science and engineering faculty at top US research universities. We focus on the relationship between tenure (and promotion) and time allocation, and we find that tenure and promotion do affect the allocation of time. The specific trade-offs are related to particular career paths. For example, full professors spend increasing time on service at the expense of teaching and research while longer-term associate professors who have not been promoted to full professor spend significantly more time teaching at the expense of research time. Finally, our results suggest that women, on average, allocate more hours to university service and less time to research than do men.     

Academic work from a comparative perspective: a survey of faculty working time across 13 countries

Sociological institutional theory views universities as model driven organizations. The world’s stratification system promotes conformity, imitation and isomorphism towards the “best” university models. Accordingly, academic roles may be locally shaped in minor ways, but are defined and measured explicitly in global terms. We test this proposition using data on the allocation of working time between academic tasks at research universities in thirteen countries: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Finland, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Malaysia, Norway, UK, and the USA. We find that working time patterns differ significantly across countries, suggesting that conditions of academic work remain heavily dependent on national higher education traditions. Faculty members holding the highest professorial rank share more in common, with generally stronger interests in research and a greater time dedication to research over teaching. However, in countries with comparably steep academic hierarchies, professor positions typically entail significantly fewer teaching hours and more administration.     

Comparison of two teaching strategies in computer-assisted instruction

Three experiments were run using the SCHOLAR CAI system to teach geography to high-school students. The experiments compared a method of teaching derived from analysis of human tutors (Tutorial Mode) vs a method derived from programmed instruction (Block-Test Mode). In the three experiments, Block-Test Mode was systematically converged toward Tutorial Mode in order to pinpoint what aspects of teaching strategy affected student's learning. Tutorial Mode was significantly more effective in the first two experiments, and nonsignificantly in the third. The results indicated that the major factor affecting student's learning was the strategy that tutors use of reviewing the material in greater depth on a second pass. The advantage of CAI for purposes of implementing and evaluating different teaching strategies was discussed.     

儿童图画书图文空间配置策略在教学构图中的启示

图画书图文空间配置策略之于教学构图设计有极为重要的意义,可以说,在儿童教学中配置图画,其图文空间建构方法与图画书图文空间配置策略具有同构关系。我们试图运用质的研究方法,通过探讨图文空间配置的方方面面,建构更全面的分析框架,以此丰富教学构图领域的研究。     

基于决策支持的控制环境作物生产管理系统

控制环境作物生产的相关管理决策问题主要包括资金预算分配决策、环境控制决策、以及作物生产经济最优决策等.针对解决这些管理问题的需要,设计了基于决策支持的控制环境作物生产管理系统,系统以MS Access数据库的方式表示模型,并在试验温室中运行此系统,验证了相关模型.     

高等教育资源优化配置基本理论问题研究述评

对高等教育资源优化配置的研究,国外主要集中在高等教育资源配置的理论依据、高等教育大众化与教育资源配置方式的转变、高等教育资源配置效率及教学管理领域质量评估方面,国内主要集中在高等教育资源的内涵与属性研究、三个不同层面的高等教育资源配置方式和途径与配置效率的研究。笔者认为高等教育资源配置的研究首先要明确资源的合理需求与供给;其次要关注资源配置的局部均衡与全局均衡;第三是资源配置的分层与分类研究;第四是要建立资源配置的评价指标体系和科学的评价方法;第五要研究不同配置模式对资源配置效率的影响。     

基于云模型的教学评价方法研究——以软件工程专业为例

在传统教学评价过程中,软件工程与相关专业的教学评价目标及方法单一,强调理论教学,存在毕业生综合素质不强的问题。同时随着信息技术的发展,人才培养目标与高校教学质量评估之间出现了脱节现象。针对这一问题,以教学评价过程为研究对象,以建立评价体系为研究内容,引入云模型技术,以解决评估过程中信息不确定的问题。最后以软件工程专业为例,提出一种基于云模型的评估方法。该研究成果可以加强信息技术与教育技术的融合,为教学评价等应用提供理论基础与关键技术支撑,从而提升软件工程专业人才培养质量。     

Mature adult learners and the need to know

Sterns and Mitchell (in H. L. Sterns, et al., Gerontology in higher education: Developing Institutional and Community Strength. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1979) point out that Maslow's concept of the need to know is as basic a need as the physical, security, and belongingness needs. And so, mature (25–55 years) and older (55 years and above) adult learning has flourished within the community: in museums, libraries, churches, in trade unions, business and industry, in evening programs emphasizing self-enrichment and vocational advancement, in a range of postsecondary noncollegiate, occupational, and adult education programs. Higher education and its academic disciplines, in contrast, have notably been age segmented and youth oriented. This paper outlines four major sociocultural changes which at once challenge higher education's youth orientation while simultaneously offering educational psychology opportunities for significant research, teaching, and service, for fertile dialectic within the higher education communities, and for wider support of the adult's need to know.     

The effective use of student time: a stochastic frontier production function case study

The relationship between student study time allocation and examination performance is little understood. We model the allocation of student time into formal study (lectures and classes) and self study and its relationship to university examination scores using a stochastic frontier production function. This case study uses unique time budget data and detailed personal records from one university in Spain. The results suggest that, within the formal system of teaching in Spain, both formal study and self study are significant determinants of exam scores but that the former may be up to four times more important than the latter. We also find that self study time may be insignificant if ability bias is corrected for.     

Rethinking the relationship between research and practice in teaching

The paper examines the relationship between contemporary research on teaching and teaching practice, including the varied reasons educators give for the weak relationship, several questionable assumptions researchers share about the linkage between research and practice, and researchers' implicit view that teaching is an applied science. As an alternative to the applied science conception, the author proposes teaching be viewed as a moral craft. In comparison to the applied science conception, the moral craft perspective engenders a more holistic view of teaching, leads to a stronger link between research on teaching and teaching practice, and decreases the likelihood that research on teaching will mask normative issues fundamental to teaching practice.     

Fostering uncertainty tolerance in anatomy education: Lessons learned from how humanities,arts and social science (HASS) educators develop learners' uncertainty tolerance

Uncertainty tolerance, individuals' perceptions/responses to uncertain stimuli, is increasingly recognized as critical to effective healthcare practice. While the Covid-19 pandemic generated collective uncertainty, healthcare-related uncertainty is omnipresent. Correspondingly, there is increasing focus on uncertainty tolerance as a health professional graduate “competency,” and a concomitant interest in identifying pedagogy fostering learners' uncertainty tolerance. Despite these calls, practical guidelines for educators are lacking. There is some initial evidence that anatomy education can foster medical students' uncertainty tolerance (e.g., anatomical variation and dissection novelty), however, there remains a knowledge gap regarding robust curriculum-wide uncertainty tolerance teaching strategies. Drawing upon humanities, arts and social sciences (HASS) educators' established uncertainty tolerance pedagogies, this study sought to learn from HASS academics' experiences with, and teaching practices related to, uncertainty pedagogy using a qualitative, exploratory study design. Framework analysis was undertaken using an abductive approach, wherein researchers oscillate between inductive and deductive coding (comparing to the uncertainty tolerance conceptual model). During this analysis, the authors analyzed ~386 min of data from purposively sampled HASS academics' (n = 14) discussions to address the following research questions: (1) What teaching practices do HASS academics' perceive as impacting learners' uncertainty tolerance, and (2) How do HASS academics execute these teaching practices? The results extend current understanding of the moderating effects of education on uncertainty tolerance and supports prior findings that the anatomy learning environment is ripe for supporting learner uncertainty tolerance development. This study adds to growing literature on the powerful moderating effect education has on uncertainty tolerance and proposes translation of HASS uncertainty tolerance teaching practices to enhance anatomy education.