Chinese journalists' views of user-generated content producers and journalism: a case study of the boundary work of journalism

This article examines how journalists defend their boundaries and epistemic authority in the face of the challenges from user-generated content (UGC). It investigates the issue through exploring 51 Chinese journalists’ views of UGC producers and journalism. The interviews reveal that in this case study, Chinese journalists’ commitment to their social identity as ‘people of work units’ (danwei ren), i.e. their identity is defined by the employment relationship between journalists and news organisations, forms the ground of demarcating the boundaries between journalists and UGC producers. As a result, this group of Chinese journalists reinforces their conventional journalistic norms and identity as ‘organisational men/women’ and keeps old-fashioned journalism alive. In the meantime, however, they are aware of changes in the environment within which they practice, and therefore they reflect on their work and (re-)define what journalism is in order to adapt to the changes. This case study shows that the boundary work of Chinese journalists interviewed in the study and their understanding of boundaries are contextually bound. The boundary work of journalism is not only about defence but also about adaptation. It offers a perspective for understanding both continuity and change in the transformation of Chinese journalism as well as the boundaries of journalism in general.     

论当代中国新闻学科层面几个主要概念之间的关系

在当代中国新闻学研究的学科层面,实际存在着多种名称或概念(有些准确,有些模糊),诸如新闻学、党报理论、中国特色社会主义新闻学、马克思主义新闻观(新闻学)等,它们之间互相联系,但又互有区别。最基本的关系是:党报理论是中国特色新闻学的核心内容,马克思主义新闻观是中国特色新闻学的理论立场和基本方法。因而,中国特色社会主义新闻学,就是以中国新闻现象、新闻活动特别是以"党媒"新闻宣传活动、新闻舆论活动为主要研究对象,以马克思主义为基本立场、观点和方法,以党报(党媒)理论为核心内容的新闻学。其中的"中国特色"是当代中国新闻学的特征描述,"社会主义"则是当代中国新闻学性质定位。中国特色社会主义新闻学与新闻学在研究对象、研究目的、研究的价值取向上虽有相同之处,但重点有所不同。     

坚持全省工作总体取向为经济社会发展提供强大舆论支撑

本文阐述了四川省委提出的"加快发展、科学发展、又好又快发展"的全省工作总体取向对新闻宣传工作的重要指导意义,就新闻宣传工作坚持全省工作总体取向,为经济社会发展提供强大舆论支撑进行了深入探讨。     

Newspapers' Struggles with Civic Engagement: The U.S. Press and the Rejection of Public Journalism as Propagandistic

This article examines how two factors—journalism's professionalized vigilance against co-option and its difficulty differentiating social action communications from propaganda—led to many in the press attacking public journalism as propagandistic. Sociologist Alfred McClung Lee's mid-20th century writings provide fresh explanations for how press critics conflated public journalism with propaganda. Finally, this article maintains that newspapers can improve their pertinence in a new media age by better linking citizen voices into news stories.     

2019年中国的新闻学研究

本文从近30种中文学术期刊(包括港台地区)遴选出在问题意识、研究视角、论证方法等方面较为创新的新闻学研究原创文章,并从媒介转型、新闻从业者研究、新闻与社会记忆研究、技术视角下的中国新闻业、作为公民与用户的受众、新闻基础理论研究、报刊史与近代政治以及新闻学科建设与反思等八个话题对相关文献加以回顾。研究发现,2019年中国的新闻学研究主要呈现为四个特征:一是围绕新闻行业生态变革的重要研究议题涉及面较广,比较亮眼的研究是以新的理论视角观照中国语境下的本土实践;二是对中国新闻从业者与新闻受众的不少研究表现出明显的社会学取向,阶层特征、群体分化、角色冲突以及管辖权成为主要的概念切入点;三是新闻理论研究兼顾对经典新闻理念的反思与新兴新闻实践及其理论化现状的引介;四是报刊史研究注重在专门史与近代政治史的脉络和问题框架中组织材料与观点,试图开拓研究视野从而避免内卷化的学术意图比较明确。     

中美新闻传统的起源与转折——以王韬、富兰克林为中心的考察

王韬与富兰克林的报刊活动,首先基于谋生获利的需要,因此,他们的报刊实践有其商业逻辑。但由于不同的社会场域,王韬办报有其干预政治的现实考量,富兰克林则力图在商业与政治之间保持微妙的平衡,这也是中美早期新闻业的基本写照。以此为出发点,本文试图从源头上分析,中国的新闻业缘何素来与政治亦步亦趋,而美国的新闻传统虽然诸多反复,但商业化作为一个基本的线索始终存在。     

Charting Theoretical Directions for Examining African Journalism in the “Digital Era”

This essay provides a metatheoretical framework for understanding the complexities surrounding African journalism in the era of interactive digital technologies. It argues for the continued relevance of traditional theoretical paradigms, and submits that radical calls to develop new theories as well as to de-Westernise contemporary journalism studies through exclusively deploying “home-grown” concepts such as ubuntuism are not necessarily always viable. Rather, there is more to gain from appropriating traditional theories and identifying possible synergies between the “old”, predominantly Western approaches, and the “new digital phenomena”, and weaving out of that dialogue, approaches that are not radically different but are in tune with the uniqueness of African experiences. This approach, as the study argues, is particularly important given that journalism (including its appropriation of new technologies) always takes on the form and colouring of the social structure in which it operates. The study thus draws on social constructivist approaches to technology and the sociology of journalism, as well as an array of theoretical concerns from African journalism scholarship to offer a possible direction for a conceptual framework that can help us to capture the complex imbrications between new digital technologies and journalism practice in Africa.     

Peace Journalism: Principles and Structural Limitations in the News Coverage of Three Conflicts

This study expands on the work in operationalizing Johan Galtung's classification of peace journalism and war journalism by describing and comparing the news coverage of three Asian conflicts—India and Pakistan's dispute over Kashmir, the Tamil Tigers movement in Sri Lanka, and the Indonesian civil wars in Aceh and Maluku. By including vernacular newspapers in the analysis, this study adds to a research locus that has largely been ignored. A content analysis of 1,973 stories from 16 English-language and vernacular newspapers suggests that, overall, peace journalism as an alternative to traditional war reporting is subject to a body of structural limitations that have not been previously addressed. Media and institutional constraints in the form of story characteristics such as language, story type, and production source as well as contextual variables such as a conflict's length and intensity shape the patterns of war/peace journalism framing. The findings suggest that structural changes are needed for peace journalism to evolve into a viable, mainstream approach to news coverage of war and conflict.     

新中国70年新闻传播学发展的回顾与展望

新中国新闻传播学的发展,大致经历了三个阶段:(1)改革开放之前,以配合意识形态宣传为主导;(2)改革开放至新世纪前后,呈现出规模化、专业化、开放化的面貌;(3)21世纪以来,进入本土化、多元化、前沿化发展的快车道。在未来,新闻传播学的发展突破,需要在建构"新闻传播学"和"中国新闻传播学"两个主体性方面,打开学科的发展思路:(1)从建构"新闻传播学"的主体性角度讲,需要注意"无"和"有"、"非独立"和"独立"、"非成熟"和"成熟"的三大问题;(2)从建构"中国新闻传播学"的主体性角度讲,需要注意本土实践的独特性、国情的独特性和文化的独特性。     

News Sources and Follow-up Communication

For sports actors, social media provide the opportunity to bypass sports journalism's gatekeeping function and to disseminate sports-related information to target groups directly. Thus, social media have been conceptualized as a competitor to journalism. We argue that the relation is much more diverse. We differentiate between competitive, integrative, and complementary facets of the relationship between sports journalism and social media. Our study focuses on complementarity and analyzes how far social and mainstream media serve as sources for each other. Therefore, we combine an online survey among 122 German sports journalists, an analysis of the Twitter networks of German sports journalists during the Winter Olympics 2014, and a content analysis of the most popular news items in social media. Results suggest that sports journalists perceive social media accounts of athletes as beneficial news sources, especially to gather inside information. Huge sports events influence the social media activities of sports journalists as they tend to have stronger connections to athletes at these times. Whereas social media appear to be significant sources for sports journalism, sports media content receives little attention in social media. However, our results indicate that sports journalism and social media indeed maintain a complementary relation.     

从图书馆网站上的新闻报道看高校图书馆的宣传工作——以南京地区部分高校图书馆为例

高校图书馆良好的形象需要通过各种宣传活动在读者心目中树立起来。图书馆的宣传内容主要包含两方面：一是资源的宣传与推广;二是新闻学意义上的宣传。文章所指的宣传工作即是新闻学意义上的宣传。该文以图书馆网站上的新闻报道内容为研究对象,追踪南京地区6所高校图书馆网站上的新闻动态栏目,分析高校图书馆的对外宣传工作,并给出合理化建议。     

“八卦新闻”之流变及传播解析

八卦新闻乃至八卦媒体文化的发展是当代媒介环境下的一个重要媒体和社会现象,本文在梳理分析八卦新闻的界定和相关研究的基础上,考察不同媒介语境中的八卦新闻表现形态及特征,关注通俗新闻学的演变脉络,着重分析社交媒体带来的八卦新闻发展新动向及其社会影响。     

中国第一家海外通信社“远东通信社”的理念与实践

远东通信社是国人在海外创办的第一家通信社,1909年成立于比利时首都布鲁塞尔。在西力东渐、国运衰微的近代时期,远东通信社作为内外沟通的桥梁,致力于对内对外的双向传播,运用各种宣传与反宣传手段在西方树立客观正面的国家形象,并通过及时全面的对内传播准确传递西方政治新闻,为外交决策提供参考,在近代史上发挥了重要作用。远东通信社的传播活动在学术领域一直未能受到关注。本文即针对这一问题展开研究,认为远东通信社的双向传播活动在清末这一特殊历史时期为外交活动提供了重要的舆论助力,这在当时中国新闻事业中是非常独特的。     

Reshaping the Borders of Journalism

The Saami and the Roma are both transnational peoples with robust journalistic practices. Although vastly different in socio-economic standing and relationship to the state, both groups choose to develop journalism and journalists to share their perspective of the world; and do so while remaining true to the distinction between journalism and propaganda. This requires access and ability to frame issues and actors, problems and solutions while maintaining professional journalistic standards. Media—both having one's “own” media and creating stories that appear in the “mainstream” media—is key to this practice. Saami and Romani journalists very clearly show there is a way to be objective without being neutral. By interviewing 45 journalists, journalism educators, funders, and evaluators across six countries, as well as examining primary source documents, I show that although emerging from radically different contexts, the Saami and Roma are both distinct nations stretching over two or more states—transnational—which allows, and indeed requires, a unique approach to journalism. I identify two distinct strategies in approaching the goals and practice of, “transnational peoples’ journalism”: nation building/speaking within and intervening/speaking outside.     

新闻传播学术研究中存在的问题——-CSSCI中几组数据的分析

在我国传播学研究中存在程度不等的学术规范问题,无论从学术成果的引文情况、被引情况,还是使用外文资料和学者之间的合作研究、跨机构跨地区的学术研究等角度分析,在社会科学相近学科的对比中,新闻传播学研究都表现了一些弱点.通过对CSSCI提供的相应数据的分析,可以看到存在问题的原因.     

扎根理论及其在新闻学中的应用

当代中国新闻学研究大多为质性研究,一定程度上存在研究范式和研究方法单一、规范性不够的困境,宏观论述与微观观点较多,中观研究图景缺乏。作为质性研究的重要方法之一,扎根理论研究方法致力于构建原创性中观理论,是以科学范式主导质化数据分析的研究方法。本文梳理了扎根理论的产生、发展与应用,分析了它在中国新闻学研究中的应用现状,认为这一方法与当代中国新闻理论研究具有高度的结构性匹配,对于提升当代中国新闻学研究的规范性、原创性具有重要意义。     

转型期俄罗斯新闻业透视

自苏联解体以来的“社会转型期” ,俄罗斯新闻业经历了一场裂变 ,死而复生 ,却又命运多舛。具体体现在 :管理模式从垂直管理到平行管理 ,媒体性质从事业单位到商业机构 ,媒体角色从印刷媒体唱主角到电子媒体唱主角 ,新闻理念从马列主义到西方理论。作者通过对以上变化的分析 ,探明俄罗斯政治变革乃至整个俄罗斯社会运行的轨迹     

Perpetual development journalism? Balance and framing in the 2006 Singapore election coverage

This study sought to determine if Singapore's press model has evolved beyond the development model to take on characteristics of other press models. It examined balance and framing in election coverage in the Straits Times, Singapore's dominant English newspaper, over 16 days before the 2006 Singapore General Election. As expected under the development model, and contrary to expectations under the social responsibility model, we found coverage of the competing parties lacked balance, as indicated by more coverage with a more favorable tone for the ruling People's Action Party. In framing, we found game frames predominated over issue frames, as predicted by media intrusion theory, in which commercial media favor competitive aspects of campaigns as a result of following commercial journalistic values. This finding contradicts the expectation that development journalism would likely have more issue frames, since it emphasizes issues and policies, and suggests that some commercial journalistic imperatives outweigh development model imperatives in the Singapore press.     

Differences within the mainland Chinese press: a quantitative analysis

This paper reports the results of a content analysis of five newspapers selected from the Chinese daily press. The research was conducted as part of an international project designed to explore the relationship between journalistic self-conceptions and journalistic practice. This paper reports only upon journalistic practice, in particular the extent to which different models of journalism are present. The results of the analysis demonstrate, firstly, that while the concept of a uniform ‘national media system’ is of some utility in comparative studies, there are, even in the highly structured Chinese case, very significant differences within a single country. Secondly, it demonstrates that the common division of the Chinese press into a politically oriented party press and a market-oriented commercial press is inadequate to explain the identifiable differences between titles in the sample. A four grouping solution fits the data much better and demonstrates that there are newspapers that combine strong evidence of indicators of the party press with strong evidence of indicators of the commercial press. As a consequence, the claim that marketization will necessarily lead to conflicts with the party appears to be mistaken.     

马克思主义新闻观的体现与深化——驻村调研采访型扶贫报道的意义与记者角色

文章认为媒体驻村调研采访活动所产生的扶贫报道是一种涉农传播作品,比专门的对农传播拥有更大的覆盖率,能到达各类人群,从而在动员国民凝聚力量共同参与扶贫方面能发挥更大的作用.在活动中,记者既是观察者、记录者,又是参与者、行动者、自己人,还是党和政府的形象代言人,是受教育者,这是对马克思主义新闻观的深化,也是我国党和政府、新闻界为世界新闻业树立的一个样本,这样的采访报道活动对我国的乡村建设将发挥不可替代的作用.