Material-appropriate processing: A contextualist approach to reading and studying strategies

Processing strategies or text adjuncts that are mnemonically effective with some types of text produce no benefits with other text types. A framework for understanding these seemingly inconsistent mnemonic effects across different types of text is presented. The framework suggests that two types of conceptual elaboration are important for free recall: individual-item processing and relational processing. The mnemonic effectiveness of text adjuncts or other manipulations to increase elaboration of a text will depend on: (1) the type of conceptual elaboration induced by the particular text adjunct or study strategy; (2) the type of elaboration invited by the text itself; and (3) the overlap between the processing induced by the text adjunct or study strategy and the processing invited by the text itself. Significant enhancement in recall is anticipated only to the extent that the text adjunct or study strategy encourages processing that is complementary to the processing invited by the material itself. The viability of this framework is demonstrated in a review of the pertinent literature on the mnemonic effects of encoding difficulty. Then, research stimulated by the framework that uses educationally relevant study and text adjuncts (embedded questions, outlining, adjunct pictures) is reviewed. Predictions generated by the framework are consistently upheld.     

模糊语篇的特征与功能

模糊语篇是指语义不确定或模糊不清的语篇。本文首先探讨了模糊语篇的结构和语义特征,然后研究了模糊语篇的主要功能。     

Comprehension in disciplinary learning: An examination of elementary readers' processing and recall

The authors explored elementary students' comprehension of informational text in disciplinary learning. Forty on-grade-level readers in Grades 2–5 participated. A priori and emergent coding was used to analyze 120 verbal protocols and 120 oral recalls. Analyses of variance and correlations showed students' processing and recall of procedural text contrasted with their processing and recall of biography or persuasive text. Also, second-grade students did not process informational text as actively or recall informational text as well as third- through fifth-grade students did. An expanded focus on students' comprehension of informational text in disciplinary learning and further study of the relationships among students' text use, text processing and recall, and development are warranted.     

Uncovering the effect of text structure in learning from a science text: An eye-tracking study

This study examined whether reading a refutational or non-refutational text would induce different cognitive processing, as revealed by eye-movement analyses. Unlike a standard expository text, a refutational text acknowledges a reader’s alternative conceptions about a topic, refutes them, and then introduces scientific conceptions as viable alternatives. Forty university students read one or the other type of text about the phenomenon of the tides. All had alternative conceptions about the topic. Findings showed that at post-test (off-line measure) refutational text readers learned more than non-refutational text readers. Outcomes regarding indices of visual behavior (on-line measures) during reading revealed that refutational text readers fixated the text segments presenting scientific concepts for a longer time overall than non-refutational text readers, in particular during the second-pass reading. Refutational text readers also fixated the refutational segments for a shorter time than non-refutational text readers for the control segments. Furthermore, all indices of visual attention predicted learning only for the refutational text readers. The more the students’ reading of the refutational text was strategic, the better they learned from it. Implications about eye-tracking methodology and the refutational effect are drawn.     

与文本对话:提高学生阅读能力新途径

“新课标”教学建议中提出 :“阅读教学是学生、教师、文本之间对话的过程。”本文拟从与文本对话角度分析阅读教学中学生、教师、文本之间的关系 ,并着重探讨以学生为中心与文本对话的三种形式 ,及有效地与文本对话的教学途径 ,使学生通过与文本对话 ,提高自己的阅读能力。     

茨维坦·托多罗夫:作为结构的阅读

法国理论家茨维坦.托多罗夫"作为结构的阅读"等理论概念的脉络是从注重文本结构分析到注重读者阅读体验,从结构主义到对话批评。运用"作为结构的阅读"这一理论指导可以使读者认识到,作品人物通过不同读者、不同时期的阅读建构呈现为变动不居的人物形象,从而赋予文本材料这一客观事物以鲜活的生命。     

Computerized Presentation of Text: Effects on Children’s Reading of Informational Material

This study examined whether children’s reading rate, comprehension, and recall are affected by computer presentation of text. Participants were 60 grade five students, who each read two expository texts, one in a traditional print format and the other from a computer monitor, which used a common scrolling text interface. After reading each text, participants were asked to recall as much as they could from what they had read and then answered questions that measured text recall and comprehension. Children took more time to read the passage and recalled more of the text material that they had read from the computer monitor. The benefit of computer presentation disappeared when efficiency variables, which take time into account, were examined. Children were, however, more efficient at comprehending text when reading from paper. The results suggest that children may take more time to read text on computer screens and that they are more efficient when reading text on paper.     

Textual and graphical refutations: Effects on conceptual change learning

Refutation text is potentially more effective than standard text for conceptual change. Learning from text and graphic is also potentially superior to learning from text alone. In two studies, we investigated the effectiveness of both a refutation text and a refutation graphic for promoting high school students’ conceptual change learning about season change, as well as their metacognitive awareness of conceptual conflict and knowledge revision. In both studies, participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (1) standard text with standard graphic, (2) standard text with refutation graphic, (3) refutation text with standard graphic, or (4) refutation text with refutation graphic. Both studies had a pretest, immediate post-test, and delayed post-test design and involved students with an initial common misconception about the causes of season change. In Study 2, explicit relevance instructions to observe the important illustration were given to the participants. In both studies, refutation text with refutation graphic was not more beneficial than other instructional materials, either at immediate or delayed post-test. In Study 1, more stable conceptual change learning emerged in readers of the refutation text with standard graphic compared to readers in the control condition. In Study 2, readers of the standard text with refutation graphic performed as well as readers of the refutation text with standard graphic. In addition, more readers of the refutation text with either graphic showed metacognitive awareness of their knowledge change compared to readers in the control condition. Educational implications underline the importance of relevance instructions for guiding readers toward the graphic and of the design of text-graphic pairing to sustain knowledge revision.     

语篇翻译与语境

基于语篇语言学的研究成果,语篇翻译为翻译研究提供了一个崭新的视角。与传统翻译研究不同的是,语篇翻译不再限定于研究语言本身,而是把视野扩大到语篇的语境和交际功能。本文重点讨论了语境因素,即“文化语境”和“情景语境”对语篇翻译的影响。     

漂移的边界: 从文学性到文本性

文学的边界一直处于变动漂移的动态发展过程中,本文简要梳理了从文学性到文本性的流变,并进一步探询后现代语境中文学性的跨语际流动和互文的文本性,指出流动的文学性正以互文的文本性开创新的文学空间.     

Doing Mathematics with Purpose: Mathematical Text Types

Mathematical literacy includes learning to read and write different types of mathematical texts as part of purposeful mathematical meaning making. Thus in this article, we describe how learning to read and write mathematical texts (proof text, algorithmic text, algebraic/symbolic text, and visual text) supports the development of students' mathematical literacy. Explicit instruction about how to engage with each text type helps to build students' awareness of the function of mathematical texts and of how to leverage them to support the doing of mathematics. Teachers and leaders can use this discussion of mathematical text types to organize and conceptualize instruction within a disciplinary literacy orientation.     

Literacy as Multidimensional: Locating Information and Reading Comprehension

A contrast is proposed between the two literacy constructs of reading comprehension and locating information in text. A pragmatic approach to identifying important classes of literacy tasks reveals that locating information is prevalent in school and work. This process is a form of strategic reading that differs from reading comprehension or recall of prose by being more goal directed, more selective in the use of text, and less dependent on declarative knowledge. The process of locating text information requires: formulation of a goal, selection of a category of text for inspection, extraction of relevant details, and recycling to obtain solutions. Relationships of locating information in text to models of problem solving, studying, and reading comprehension are discussed and research implications are suggested.     

Memory for Expository Text: the effects of verbal and pictorial enhancements

Previous research has shown that pictures can be effective in enhancing text memory. For example, Waddill and McDaniel (1992) found that pictures depicting detail information in an expository text effectively enhanced recall of those details and pictures depicting relational information effectively enhanced recall of those relations. However, the research on picture enhancement effects raises the question of whether the mnemonic value of pictures is simply a by‐product of having drawn attention to parts of the text through selective repetition of text content. The present study addressed the question by comparing the relative effectiveness of pictures versus simple verbal captions in promoting text memory. The results replicated the Waddill and McDaniel (1992) pictorial enhancement effect. However, the results showed that repeating the targeted information in a verbal caption was as effective as providing a pictorial illustration, thus suggesting that repetition of text content rather than nonverbal pictorial illustrations produced the effect. The findings generalized across three texts that differed in the amount of spatial content they conveyed.     

Knowing what you know: improving metacomprehension and calibration accuracy in digital text

This paper presents results from an experimental study that examined embedded strategy prompts in digital text and their effects on calibration and metacomprehension accuracies. A sample population of 80 college undergraduates read a digital expository text on the basics of photography. The most robust treatment (mixed) read the text, generated a summary for each page of text, and then was prompted with a metacognitive strategy. The metacognitive treatment received metacognitive strategy prompts only, and the cognitive group implemented the cognitive strategy (summarization) only. A control group read the text with no embedded support. Groups were compared on measures of achievement, attitudes, cognitive load, and metacomprehension and calibration accuracy. Results indicated that a combination of embedded cognitive and metacognitive strategies in digital text improved learner achievement on application-level questions, yielded more accurate predictive calibration, and strengthened the relationship between metacomprehension and performance, all of which are common attributes of an academically successful learner.     

从重建概念到构建平台:深度学习引领下的课程文本变革

作为知识载体的课程文本难以满足现代社会对学校课程又好又多的苛刻要求,课程文本变革势在必行。兴起于美国的"概念重建运动"主张重建课程文本的概念,但单纯强调主体体验和对话的"话语文本"难以作用于实践。深度学习理念使人们认识到课程文本必须以知识学习的深度为基础、体现学习的过程性,才能融入主体体验。深度学习引领下的课程文本通过构建目标和实践体系,形成自我与他人、自我与知识深度互动的对话平台,既满足知识教学的需要,又为学生探究、体验、反思提供空间。     

《大话西游》：一个“狂欢化”文本

《大话西游》是一个典型的大众文化文本,分析它受欢迎的原因可以解释大众文化的一些表征。《大话西游》的狂欢化的书写策略诸如,戏仿、脱冕、狂欢化的广场语言等产生了文本的狂欢化审美效果,因此我们说它是一个“狂欢化”文本。     

互文本:一种挑战传统的文本观念

互文本理论是一种新近兴起的挑战传统的文本观念,其产生与西方哲学研究重心的转变有密切关系。互文本内涵极其丰富,通常而言,互文本意味着一个文本与先前的书面或其他形式的文本有着多种联系,它包含了理解一个文本的所有要素,因此,文本是一个开放的体系而不是封闭的语言形式和结构。互文本理论经历了复杂、繁复的转变与演化,各派理论对其都有不同认识。西方互文理论发展的这种情况直接影响到了中国当代文论,值得进一步研究。     

文学文本的修辞论阐释:中国语言学批评的第二个视角

任何文学文本都是特定语境下的产物,因此,文学批评不应割断文学与外在语境的联系。而西方语言学批评却斩断了两者之间的关联,把文本封闭起来,只研究文本内部的语言形式,中国语言学批评则把文本与语境结合起来,探讨文本与语境之间的互赖、互动关系,揭示文本产生的动力以及文本背后的历史文化内涵。     

Reading argumentative texts: comprehension and evaluation goals and outcomes

The study is situated at the interface between reading comprehension and critical thinking research. Its purpose was to examine the influence of reading goals and argument quality on the comprehension and critical evaluation of argumentative texts. Young adult readers read to comprehend or evaluate texts on two different controversial issues. Argument quality was varied across text versions on the basis of the hasty generalization fallacy. Text versions varied with respect to the quality of the arguments included, but not in terms of argument content. Measures of comprehension included main claim recall, overall recall and inferences in recall. Text evaluation was measured with a rating task. The sample’s familiarity with the text topics was low, and prior beliefs were relatively neutral. The results indicated that an evaluation goal had a consistent positive effect on main claim and text recall when compared to comprehension goal. Argument quality, however, had no main or interactive effects on text evaluation. The findings indicate that reading to evaluate argumentative text facilitates the representation of its content and critical argument elements, such as the claim it promotes. However, this representation is not sufficient for analyzing and critically evaluating the text’s argument line. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to current efforts to promote critical-analytic thinking skills in the context of reading and writing.