The Association between Physical Activity Behavior and Commonly Reported Barriers in a Worksite Population

Recent experiments on the ski simulator produced ambiguous results and raised unanswered questions concerning the true nature of “novice” behavior and the occurrence of behavioral changes during learning. The aim of the present experiment was to analyze the evolving behavior of three beginners during six practice sessions on a ski simulator. The position of the apparatus platform was recorded as time series and used for constructing dynamical models, including stiffness and damping functions. The results showed that novices tended to exploit a Rayleigh damping behavior during the first trials and then transition toward a van der Pol damping. These results replicate previous observations by Nourrit, Delignières, Caillou, Deschamps, and Lauriot (2003) and suggest the transition to the expert behavior could arise early in practice, when the task is of moderate difficulty. The discussion focuses on the properties of the observed learning dynamics and proposes a global conceptualization for acquiring complex motor skills.     

北京市弱势人群参与体育活动的社会学分析

对北京市弱势人群参与体育活动的现状、意义及其成因的社会学因素进行分析研究,结果表明,体育手段对北京市弱势人群无论是改善其生存脆弱性,还是缓解社会结构压力都有明显的积极效果和作用。在明确“消除社会排斥”的基本目标前提下,提出可供北京市弱势人群参与体育活动的几种社会对策选择。     

Relationship between a 14-Day Recall Measure of Leisure-Time Physical Activity and a Submaximal Test of Physical Work Capacity in a Population Sample of Australian Adults

Abstract

This paper reports on the validity of a 14-day recall measure of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in a sample of Australian adults (N = 986). Submaximal cycle ergometry was used to assess physical work capacity per kilogram of body mass (pwc75/kg). The self-report energy expenditure estimates were used to categorize respondents as vigorously active, moderately active, and low active/sedentary. Multiple regression analyses showed that pwc75/kg increased significantly across energy expenditure categories for adults aged less than 40 years; that the vigorous and moderate activity categories had greater mean pwc75/kg values than the low/sedentary category for 40 to 59-year-olds; and, that there were no differences in pwc75/kg between activity categories for those aged 60 years or older.     

高校学生健身运动意识与城市居民健身关系

通过对韶关学院学生的健身活动意识、习惯和韶关市城镇居民参与全民健身情况的调查 ,来验证大学生在全民健身活动所起的生力军与带头人的作用。结果认为 ,大学生健身运动意识的增强与淡化 ,是导致他们是否形成健身习惯的直接原因 ;而大学生的健身运动观念与习惯 ,又直接影响着他们周围城镇居民健身习惯的形成。     

A Causal Modeling Analysis of Sociodemographics and Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity Behavior of American Adults

Abstract

Confusion still exists about the relationships between sociodemographics and adult physical activity behavior. In this paper, data from a national sample of 19,110 adults is examined to determine which of the sociodemographic variables are associated with physical activity behavior, their relative importance, and why these associations may exist. Once one controls for multicollinearity among the sociodemographic variables only age, education, and income maintain any substantive correlation. However, the amount of variance explained is small (R ² _adj = 8%). Two causal models are presented to account for the education: physical activity variance. The relationship is believed to be a spurious one in that there is some other third variable(s) which is speculated to affect both schooling and physical activity behavior. Exposure to sports and physical activity in the schools, though, may enhance the skills necessary for many activities providing an argument for a direct effect of education. Understanding this spurious/direct association is important for policy decision making and further research is warranted.     

对西安市主要弱势群体体育锻炼现状调查

通过研究西安市弱势群体参加体育锻炼的现状，分析弱势群体参加体育活动的频率、锻炼时间、项目选择、目的与动机以及在享有生活保障体系前后参加体育锻炼的情况等，并与西安市居民对比，分析其对待生活的态度和心理状态等情况，为有关部门及时掌握弱势群体的情况提供一定的依据。研究方法：文献资料调研、入户问卷调查、数理统计法等。结果和结论：西安市弱势群体参加体育锻炼的现状令人担忧，与西安市居民参加体育锻炼的行为及体育人口等方面有较大的差距，但在享有生活保障体系后参加体育锻炼的比例明显高于之前；充裕的时间是参加体育锻炼非常重要的一个必要条件；同时，社区应该加强对弱势群体体育活动的组织与开展。     

Neighborhood Physical Activity Opportunity: A Multilevel Contextual Model

Purpose: The aims of this study were to analyze the intensity of emotions (positive, negative, or ambiguous) produced when players took part in traditional games with a different social structure and to examine the explanations given by those participants for these emotional experiences. Method: Participants (N = 556) were recruited from 4 Spanish universities. After taking part in each of the games, they were asked to complete the Games and Emotions Questionnaire to indicate the intensity of their emotional experiences and to explain what, in their view, had led to the strongest emotion felt. Results: The application of a mixed-methods approach identified statistically significant differences in relation to 3 variables. These were (a) the type of emotion, (b) motor domain, and (c) type of result (win, loss, and noncompetitive). The intensity of positive emotions was higher in cooperative games and lower in individual games. Comments referring to negative emotions were more frequent as the social structure of games became more complex (minimal presence of individual games and predominance of cooperation-opposition games). Winning was associated with the highest intensity ratings of positive and ambiguous emotions, whereas being defeated produced the highest values for negative emotions. The intensity ratings for negative emotions were lower in noncompetitive games than in games where players lost. Conclusion: The results confirm that traditional games can play a key role in relation to the emotional facets of physical education.     

身体活动的健康运动阈与健康体质运动阈的比较及启示

通过对“健康”与“健康体质””和“健康运动阈””与“健康体质运动阈”概念及研究状况的比较分析表明，在新世纪体育工作以“增强体质“为目的的这种提法不仅没有过时，而且还对体育工作提出了更高的要求。它将是指导我们体育工作永远不变的航向。     

Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions for Preschoolers: A Meta-Analysis

Purpose: The purpose of the meta-analysis was to examine the effectiveness of physical activity interventions on physical activity participation among preschoolers. A secondary purpose was to investigate the influence of several possible moderator variables (e.g., intervention length, location, leadership, type) on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Method: Nine databases were systematically searched for physical activity interventions. Studies were included if they contained statistics necessary to compute an effect size (ES), were written in or translated into English, examined physical activity in preschoolers, incorporated a physical activity intervention, and targeted preschool-aged children. Fifteen studies satisfied these criteria. ESs were calculated using a random-effects model. Results: Results indicated that overall, interventions had a small-to-moderate effect on general physical activity (Hedges g = 0.44, p < .05, n = 73 ESs) and a moderate effect on MVPA (Hedges g = 0.51, p < .05, n = 39 ESs). The greatest effects for MVPA were identified for interventions that were less than 4 weeks in duration, were offered in an early-learning environment, were led by teachers, involved outdoor activity, and incorporated unstructured activity. Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides an overview and synthesis of physical activity interventions and highlights effective strategies for future interventions aimed at increasing physical activity levels among preschoolers.     

体育锻炼与职业女性主观幸福感的关系研究

采用"总体幸福感量表"、"PARS-3体育活动等级量表",对565名职业女性进行调查。结果表明:保持良好锻炼习惯的职业女性较少。职业女性锻炼水平越高,主观幸福感水平越高,主观幸福感水平在锻炼频率、锻炼时间有特定的规律,而在运动强度上无特定规律。在锻炼频率、锻炼时间和运动强度对主观幸福感的影响作用中,锻炼频率、锻炼时间是决定性因素。     

关于家庭体育环境、锻炼动机与青少年身体活动的关系研究

据实际调查,目前我国青少年身体活动的水平不断的降低,进而出现肥胖的现象,甚至有心血管疾病以及相关的不良现象。由于情况比较普遍,而且具有严重的性质,促使社会各界广泛的关注这种现象。以往青少年体质低下的原因归咎于学校体育教学,进而忽视了家庭体育作用的重要性。基于此,本文分析了家庭体育、锻炼动机与青少年身体活动之间的关系,笔者根据自身经验提出相应的建议。     

不同锻炼阶段与锻炼益处及障碍认知的相关性研究

采用行为转变理论的体育锻炼阶段量表和健康信念模型的锻炼益处及障碍量表(EBBS)对320名城镇社区居民进行了问卷调查,通过文献资料法和数理统计的相关方法,分析了城镇居民的锻炼益处及障碍认知,以及与不同锻炼阶段的相关性。结果表明:居民在不同阶段的分布较为合理,锻炼行为阶段理论能够较为精确地对居民的体育锻炼行为进行解释;居民个体对于体育锻炼的多数益处项目表示"同意"或者"非常同意",说明居民虽然还没有完全形成有规律体育锻炼的习惯,但对于参加体育锻炼的好处有较为充分的认知;居民对于锻炼的障碍项目同意程度稍低,对于个体不参加体育锻炼行为的影响来说,运动障碍的作用比运动益处的作用更强烈;"锻炼环境"等外部因素只能够在短期改变个体的行为,并不能在行为的长期维持上起决定性的作用,而个体的内部因素或者锻炼动机是其锻炼行为改变和维持的主要因素,这为早期的运动干预提供了新的工作思路。     

Effects of Instructional Physical Activity Courses on Overall Physical Activity and Mood in University Students

Purpose: The aim of this research was to assess the association between university-based instructional physical activity (PA) courses and changes in overall PA levels and negative mood and their interrelations. The study also sought to determine the amount of change in PA required to significantly improve mood in course enrollees. Method: Participants were university students initially completing PA below the level recommended for health who were either presently enrolled in an elective instructional PA course (treatment group, n = 52, 69% female) or not presently enrolled in such a course (comparison group, n = 32, 69% female). Validated surveys assessed volumes of PA completed per week and overall negative mood from baseline to course end. Mediation analyses assessed group effects on mood through PA changes and reciprocal relations between PA and mood changes. Results: There was a significantly greater increase in PA and significantly more reduction in negative mood in the treatment group. Change in PA completely mediated the relationship between group and change in negative mood, and change in mood completely mediated the relationship between group and PA. These findings indicated a reciprocal, mutually reinforcing relationship between changes in PA and mood. An increase in PA of at least 2 days/week was associated with a significant reduction in negative mood, with no greater effect for more increase. Conclusions: Results provided an improved understanding of the effects of university-based instructional PA courses and how they might be leveraged to improve students’ mental health and possibly contribute to their academic success.     

中国城镇与乡村居民参加体育锻炼的差异分析

对2007年中国城乡居民参加体育锻炼现状调查数据进行分析,分析中国城镇与乡村居民参加体育锻炼的差异特征.研究认为,中国城镇居民体育锻炼的参与程度高于乡村,城乡居民在参加体育锻炼的"传统"项目上存在趋同性、在"时尚、现代项目"上存在差异性,中国城镇居民在正规体育场所锻炼的人数比例高于乡村,城镇居民参加体育锻炼的实物性、观赏性消费高于乡村;在体育锻炼的意识形态领域,中国城乡居民在参加体育锻炼动机上具有人本化特征,在体育锻炼中断年龄上具有年轻化特征、中断理由呈趋同化;在体育锻炼的参与方式、兴趣形成的社会化程度上,城镇高于乡村;中国乡村居民对"群体活动组织、引导,科学健身方法"等需求高于城镇.经济发展的非平衡性是造成城乡体育锻炼水平差异的根本原因;社会设施、科技资源的非均衡性是影响城乡居民体育锻炼水平差异的关键因素;城乡居民思想意识、价值观不同是造成城乡体育锻炼水平差异的直接原因.     

Validity and Reliability of Self Report Measures of Physical Activity: An Information-Processing Perspective

Abstract

The published data on the reliability of self report measures of physical activity most commonly used in the cardiovascular disease epidemiology literature revealed high test-retest reliability coefficients for two of the measures, and modest to nonexistent intertest correlations. Validity coefficients were low to modest. The published data on the accuracy of the self report measures, however, revealed memory decay, memory of rare events alone, and lack of motivation in memory recall. An information processing model, composed of encoding, storage, and retrieval processes is proposed to understand the memory of physical activity, and to identify necessary skills for accurate self report identified at each step in the process. Questions requiring further research to specify this model and, in turn, improve accuracy of recall, are raised.     

社会经济地位与个体身体活动的关系及其影响因素

社会经济地位是影响个体身体活动参与的重要社会因素。通过对国内外相关研究文献进行分析,检验社会经济地位对不同群体身体活动的影响效应,梳理社会经济地位影响个体身体活动参与的作用路径,发现：（1）社会经济地位对个体的身体活动具有重要影响,但对青少年、普通人群和特殊人群身体活动的影响效应存在差异;（2）社会经济地位通过社区环境（体育活动设施、社区学校条件）、家庭因素（家庭物质环境、家庭成员身体活动行为）、久坐行为、超重或肥胖、锻炼动机（锻炼意图、自我效能）等因素对个体身体活动产生影响。（3）当前关于社会经济地位与身体活动关系的研究存在核心概念的界定与测量混乱、社会经济地位影响身体活动的理论构建缺乏等问题。     

体育锻炼与女性骨骼疏松症的关系

综述了不同年龄阶段女性参加体育锻炼与骨质密度的关系，体育锻炼对预防骨质疏松症的作用。适当的运动强度并且坚持长时间的锻炼，可以提高女性骨质密度。体育锻炼效果的大小还受女性月经状况、营养条件及雌性激素水平等方面的影响。通过坚持长久的体育锻炼来提高骨质密度以及肌肉力量、人体协调及平衡性，其作用的结果可以有效地预防由于骨质疏松症而导致的骨折。