A Causal Modeling Analysis of Sociodemographics and Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity Behavior of American Adults

Abstract

Confusion still exists about the relationships between sociodemographics and adult physical activity behavior. In this paper, data from a national sample of 19,110 adults is examined to determine which of the sociodemographic variables are associated with physical activity behavior, their relative importance, and why these associations may exist. Once one controls for multicollinearity among the sociodemographic variables only age, education, and income maintain any substantive correlation. However, the amount of variance explained is small (R ² _adj = 8%). Two causal models are presented to account for the education: physical activity variance. The relationship is believed to be a spurious one in that there is some other third variable(s) which is speculated to affect both schooling and physical activity behavior. Exposure to sports and physical activity in the schools, though, may enhance the skills necessary for many activities providing an argument for a direct effect of education. Understanding this spurious/direct association is important for policy decision making and further research is warranted.     

有氧运动对肥胖大鼠脂肪组织perilipin A基因表达的影响

目的:研究8周有氧运动对肥胖大鼠腹内脂肪组织perilipin A基因表达的影响。方法:健康雄性SD大鼠60只(60～95g),随机抽取10只作为普通膳食对照组(C),喂养标准普通饲料。其余50只喂养高脂膳食,7周后建立肥胖大鼠模型16只,再随机分为2组:肥胖非运动组(Ob,n=8)和肥胖运动组(Ob-E,n=8)。8周后测定大鼠体重、血脂、腹内脂肪组织perilipin A mRNA表达。结果:肥胖不运动组(Ob组)大鼠体重、腹内脂肪总量、脂体比、血清TG、腹内脂肪组织perilipin A mRNA表达显著高于对照C组;肥胖运动组(Ob-E组)大鼠腹内脂肪总量、脂体比、血清TG、腹内脂肪组织perilipin A mRNA表达相比Ob组显著降低。结论:8周有氧跑台运动明显降低了高脂饮食肥胖大鼠的腹部脂肪含量,改善了血脂水平及明显降低腹内脂肪组织perilipin A mRNA表达。     

桂林市高校健美操健身消费的现状分析

运用文献资料法,问卷调查法和数理统计法对桂林市四所高校大学生的健美操健身消费现状进行调查与分析,研究结果显示：桂林市高校大学生参与健美操锻炼的人数较多,但健身消费的意识薄弱,消费水平还处于低消费阶段,消费内容和结构都比较单一。而桂林市高校大学生健美操健身消费则主要存在消费结构不合理、消费供给未能满足大众层次的消费要求、消费经济效益低等问题。     

有氧运动对肥胖及肥胖抵抗大鼠肝脏功能以及CYP7A1mRNA表达的影响

目的：观察有氧运动对大鼠肝脏功能以及CYP7A1mRNA的表达。方法：对高脂饮食饲养的肥胖及肥胖抵抗大鼠进行8周的运动干预,用组织学染色及血清生化检测,评价大鼠肝脏脂代谢及功能;用相对定量PCR评价CYP7A1mRNA的表达情况。结果：肥胖对照组大鼠HE染色肝细胞胞质内显现大小不等空泡,肝窦间隙明显变窄,肥胖游泳组肝细胞形态基本正常,细胞核居中,肝细胞脂肪变性明显减轻,肝窦间隙无明显变化;肥胖对照组、肥胖抵抗对照组大鼠血清ALT、AST水平高于普饲对照组并且具有非常显著的差异,肥胖游泳组大鼠血清ALT、AST显著低于肥胖对照组;肥胖对照组大鼠CYP7A1mRNA相对表达量高度显著低于普饲对照组。肥胖游泳组大鼠CYP7A1mRNA相对表达量显著高于肥胖对照组。结论：10周高脂饮食可引肥胖及肥胖抵抗大鼠血脂出现异常,脂质代谢紊乱、肝脏出现脂肪沉积、肝功能异常;有氧运动可能通过增加肥胖大鼠肝脏CYP7A1表达,改善胆固醇转化障碍,从而达到改善10周高脂饮食导致的肝功能异常的现象。     

美感训练在有氧健身操中的运用和分析

通过对国内一些大型健身俱乐部有氧健身操训练的调研和了解,找出问题所在,并提出了了解决问题的方法和思路,以解决实际问题,帮助练习者培养良好的运动兴趣,以养成其终身体育思想及终身体育习惯。     

经营性健身场所有氧操健身者基本状况的调查与分析

运用问卷调查、实地访谈、比较研究及逻辑分析等方法 ,对北京、上海、广州等 80家经营性健身场所有氧操健身者基本状况的调查与分析 ,了解有氧操健身者的性别、年龄、职业、文化程度等特征 ,从侧面了解现代社会体育参与人群的具体情况 ,旨在使有氧操健身项目在社会体育中得到进一步推广与普及     

红细胞免疫功能对有氧运动的适应性变化特征

本实验研究旨在观察红细胞免疫功能对有氧运动的适应性变化特征。10名未经训练的大学女生作为受试者,连续从事有氧运动 30 d,每日 30 min。分别于第 1日、第 10日、第 20日与第 30日抽取当日测试负荷前(活动跑台,8 Km.h~(-1),0°,15min)、负荷后即刻及恢复1h静脉血样,进行红细胞免疫功能测试。结果发现:①有氧运动可提高红细胞免疫功能对同一运动负荷的反应性;②CR_1 活性随有氧运动进行呈先上升后复归趋势;RFER(促进因子)及 RFER/RFIR 呈持续升高趋势,RFIR(抑制因子)则呈持续降低趋势。③红细胞免疫功能对有氧运动的适应性变化大致可分为激活、补偿、去补偿及复归4个阶段。     

独立有氧运动对肥胖儿童代谢综合征患者作用效果的Meta分析

目的：运用Meta分析方法综合评价单纯有氧运动干预对5～19岁肥胖群体代谢综合征患者的作用效果,为运动干预儿童代谢综合征提供科学理论依据。方法：检索PubMed、Embase、SPORTDiscus、the Cochrane library、中国知网、万方、维普等数据库,检索时间为建库至2020年10月,使用Cochrane风险评价工具对文献进行质量评估,运用Review Manager 5.3和Stata 16软件进行数据统计分析。结果：共纳入8篇研究文献,包括10个RCT,共337名患者。Meta分析结果显示,独立有氧运动干预能够有效降低肥胖儿童代谢综合征患者的体重MD=-4.16(-5.92,-2.41)(P<0.01)、身体质量指数MD=-0.48(-0.63,-0.32)(P<0.01)、体脂百分比MD=-5.39(-8.57,-2.21)(P<0.01)、腰围MD=-3.08(-4.84,-1.32)(P<0.01)、收缩压MD=-10.64(-14.81,-6.47)(P<0.01)、舒张压MD=-4.33(-5.96,-2.71)(P<...     

Barriers to Physical Activity in Disadvantaged Population: A Qualitative Comparison between Roma and Non-Roma Women

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Despite the well-known health benefits of physical activity (PA), disadvantaged populations usually have lower PA levels than the rest of the population. Some intra- and interpersonal factors such as different types of barriers to PA may influence PA levels, particularly among disadvantaged adult women. The first aim of this qualitative study was to identify the barriers to PA perceived by disadvantaged adult women. The second aim was to analyse the differences in perceived barriers to PA between adult Roma and non-Roma women. Methods: Eleven disadvantaged adult women participated in the current study (M = 37.72; SD = 8.34), seven of whom belonged to the Roma population. Data were obtained from discussion groups as well as from one-to-one interviews, and these were analysed by NVivo Pro 11. Results: Three categories of perceived barriers to PA were identified: personal (i.e., economy, labour, physical limitations, illness, and psychological characteristics) social (i.e., culture, lack of social support, and family), and environmental. Family was identified as the main common and most frequent barrier to PA in disadvantaged adult women. Differences in perceived barriers to PA between adult Roma and non-Roma women were found. While Roma women perceived culture, physical limitations, and lack of social support barriers to PA, non-Roma women mainly perceived labour-related barriers to PA. Conclusions: Multilevel interventions addressing specific barriers to PA for disadvantaged adult women are required to overcome barriers to PA and, consequently, increase PA levels. Particular attention should be paid to specific barriers to PA among adult Roma and non-Roma women, respectively.     

Water-Based Aerobic Training Successfully Improves Lipid Profile of Dyslipidemic Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of water-based aerobic training on the lipid profile and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) levels in premenopausal women with dyslipidemia. Method: Forty women were randomly assigned to: aquatic training (WA; n = 20) or a control group (CG; n = 20). The WA group underwent 12 weeks of water-based interval aerobic training twice a week at intensities ranging from 9 to 15 on the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high- (HDL) and low- (LDL) density lipoprotein, TC/HDL ratio, LPL levels, and peak oxygen consumption (VO₂peak) were evaluated before and after 12 weeks in both groups. Results: The WA group elicited decreases in TC (9%; effect size [ES] = 0.69; 95% CI [0.05, 1.33]), LDL (16%; ES = 0.78; 95% CI [0.13, 1.42]), and the TC/HDL ratio (17%; ES = 1.13; 95% CI [0.46, 1.79]), as well as increases in VO₂peak (10%; ES = 0.64; 95% CI [0.002, 1.27]) and HDL (10%; ES = 0.28; 95% CI [?0.35. 0.90]), without significant changes in TG (ES = 0.16; 95% CI [?0.46, 1.79]) and LPL (ES = 0.36; 95% CI [?0.27, 0.98]) levels. In the CG, no statistically significant changes in any of these variables were found (TC, ES = 0.19, 95% CI [?0.43, 0.82]; LDL, ES = 0.22, 95% CI [?0.40, 0.85]; HDL, ES = 0.05, 95% CI [?0.57, 0.67]; TG, ES = 0.09, 95% CI [?0.53, 0.71]; TC/HDL ratio, ES = 0.20, 95% CI [?0.42, 0.82]; LPL, ES = 0.02, 95% CI [?0.60, 0.64]; VO₂peak, ES = 0.20, 95% CI [?0.42, 0.82]). Conclusion: Water-based interval aerobic training positively affected the lipid profile in premenopausal dyslipidemic women.     

健身健美操在黑龙江大学开展现状的调查研究

通过问卷对黑龙江大学200名学生用随机抽样和分散抽样的方法进行调查。了解到健美操在黑龙江大学是学生喜欢的运动项目之一。但是健美操课的内容不够丰富,老师应该在完成教学计划之外多教授一些与之有关的健身项目。在对开展健身健美操现状调查研究的基础上,提出具体改革方案,为健身健美操在高校更好地开展提供参考意见。     

Validation of Using Fitness Center Attendance Electronic Records to Assess the Frequency of Moderate/Vigorous Leisure-Time Physical Activity Among Adults

The purpose of this study was to provide three construct validity evidence for using fitness center attendance electronic records to objectively assess the frequency of leisure-time physical activity among adults. One hundred members of a fitness center (45 women and 55 men; aged 18 to 64 years) completed a self-report leisure-time physical activity questionnaire. The theory of planned behavior constructs (e.g., intention and perceived behavioral control), VO₂max, and % BF were assessed. Fitness center attendance electronic records were expressed as the weekly mean number of mandatory check-in records retrieved from the fitness center's electronic database over a 12-week period prior to participant's physical fitness evaluation. A continuous (frequency) and categorical (“adherent” versus “non-adherent”) scores were computed. Results indicated that perceived behavioral control was associated with fitness center attendance electronic records and mediated the fitness center attendance electronic records–intention relationship. Fitness center attendance electronic records were associated with VO₂max and self-report leisure-time physical activity. Therefore, results provide three evidence of construct validity of using fitness center attendance electronic records scores to assess leisure-time physical activity behavior.     

Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions for Preschoolers: A Meta-Analysis

Purpose: The purpose of the meta-analysis was to examine the effectiveness of physical activity interventions on physical activity participation among preschoolers. A secondary purpose was to investigate the influence of several possible moderator variables (e.g., intervention length, location, leadership, type) on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Method: Nine databases were systematically searched for physical activity interventions. Studies were included if they contained statistics necessary to compute an effect size (ES), were written in or translated into English, examined physical activity in preschoolers, incorporated a physical activity intervention, and targeted preschool-aged children. Fifteen studies satisfied these criteria. ESs were calculated using a random-effects model. Results: Results indicated that overall, interventions had a small-to-moderate effect on general physical activity (Hedges g = 0.44, p < .05, n = 73 ESs) and a moderate effect on MVPA (Hedges g = 0.51, p < .05, n = 39 ESs). The greatest effects for MVPA were identified for interventions that were less than 4 weeks in duration, were offered in an early-learning environment, were led by teachers, involved outdoor activity, and incorporated unstructured activity. Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides an overview and synthesis of physical activity interventions and highlights effective strategies for future interventions aimed at increasing physical activity levels among preschoolers.     

Pedometer-Determined Physical Activity and Its Comparison With the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in a Sample of Belgian Adults

Pedometer-determined physical activity (PA) levels in Belgian adults were provided and compared to PA scores reported in the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The representative sample (N = 1,239) of the Belgian population took on average 9,655 (4,526) steps/day. According to pedometer indices 58.4% were insufficiently active. Steps/day differed significantly between gender (F = 5.0, p = .026), age groups (F = 3.3, p = .01), employment status (F = 6.2, p = .013), and days of monitoring (F = 7.4, p = .007). Steps/day were negatively correlated to the time spent sitting and positively to PA at work, in transport, and in leisure time (p < .001). Steps data can discriminate between PA levels reported in the IPAQ. Belgian population pedometer-determined PA levels are higher than those reported in samples of the United States; however, there is a wide distribution of ambulatory behavior.     

Relationship between a 14-Day Recall Measure of Leisure-Time Physical Activity and a Submaximal Test of Physical Work Capacity in a Population Sample of Australian Adults

Abstract

This paper reports on the validity of a 14-day recall measure of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in a sample of Australian adults (N = 986). Submaximal cycle ergometry was used to assess physical work capacity per kilogram of body mass (pwc75/kg). The self-report energy expenditure estimates were used to categorize respondents as vigorously active, moderately active, and low active/sedentary. Multiple regression analyses showed that pwc75/kg increased significantly across energy expenditure categories for adults aged less than 40 years; that the vigorous and moderate activity categories had greater mean pwc75/kg values than the low/sedentary category for 40 to 59-year-olds; and, that there were no differences in pwc75/kg between activity categories for those aged 60 years or older.     

江苏省成年人体力活动水平及其影响因素分析——基于大样本横断面调查

目的:调查江苏省各地区人群体力活动量现状并对其特征进行研究分析。方法:采用国际体力活动短问卷在省内104个县/区按照PPS抽样原则进行抽样调查。结果:江苏省常住人口的体力活动水平高度活跃率为40.9%;男性高度活跃率为43.0%,女性为38.6%,男性每周总体力活动量、每日MVPA时间高于女性,男女间差异显著(p<0.01);20-39岁年龄组高度活跃率为36.8%,40-59岁年龄组为45.6%;站立走动为主人群的体力活动水平高度活跃率最高(51.4%),但是该人群的经常锻炼人群比例最低(16.4%);城镇人群的高度活跃率低于农村人群,但是经常锻炼人口比例高于农村人群;学历高的人群体力活动水平高度活跃率低,但是经常锻炼人口比例较高。结论:1江苏省常住人口的体力活动高度活跃率为40.9%,低于我国上海地区,也低于主要发达国家的水平;2江苏男性的体力活动水平高于女性,40岁以后的成年人体力活动水平高于年轻人群,农村人群体力活动水平高于城镇人群;3本研究还发现,与工作方式相关的体力活动量对日常体力活动量的影响较大,体重超重人群表现出更加强烈的锻炼积极性。     

有氧运动锻炼对LD含量和LDH、ALP、ACP、CK活性影响的研究

为了探讨有氧运动锻炼对人体在不同功能状态下血 L D(乳酸 )代谢和 L DH(乳酸脱氢酶 )、AL P(碱性磷酸酶 )、ACP(酸性磷酸酶 )、CK(肌酸激酶 )活性的影响 ,将 4 2名中学生随机分为一般锻炼组、强化锻炼组和对照组。对两运动组分别实施不同的有氧运动处方后 ,与对照组相比 ,结果发现 :安静状态时 ,血清中 L D含量明显降低 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,L DH活性极显著升高 (P<0 .0 0 1) ,ACP、CK活性呈升高趋势 ,AL P活性呈下降趋势 ,但均无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;定量负荷和极量负荷运动后 ,L D含量无变化、L DH活性仍显著升高 ,ACP、AL P、CK活性的变化趋势基本与安静状态时相同 ,只是强化锻炼组 AL P活性在极量负荷时显著低于对照组水平。这说明 ,短期有氧运动锻炼能够有效地降低人体在安静状态时血乳酸的生成和促进在不同功能状态下 L DH活性的提高 ,但对 ACP、AL P、CK的作用不够明显     

Perception of Physical Activity Participation of Chinese Female Graduate Students: A Case Study

Purpose: Chinese female international students (CFIS) have been identified as one of the least physically active groups in the United States. In an effort to better understand this situation, this study's purpose was to examine CFIS in American higher education in terms of the meaning they assigned to physical activity and facilitators and barriers they experienced with regard to physical activity participation. Method: Twenty CFIS from a university in the Northwest region of the United States were recruited and interviewed. All of the interviews were conducted in Mandarin Chinese and translated and transcribed into English. The 1-on-1 semistructured interviews lasted between 45 min and 60 min each. Data were analyzed by NVivo8. Results: In terms of meaning, physical activity provided the participants with a break from their academic work, allowed them some alone time, and taught them a process for accomplishing other things in their lives. Major facilitators included social influences, ample available resources, their changing perceptions of femininity, and the need to improve or maintain health. Barriers included a lack of time, low self-efficacy, limited social support, cultural barriers, and a lack of “how-to” information. Conclusions: Understanding the physical activity experiences of CFIS is an important step in the process of promoting their long-term health and well-being. It may behoove universities with growing Chinese international student populations to add more cross-cultural content into their curriculums and fitness programs, increase awareness of cultural differences on campus, and increase accessibility to information in an effort to remove physical activity participation barriers experienced by CFIS.     

有氧健身操对提高女生800米成绩变化的实验分析

为了探讨有氧健身操对女生800米成绩的影响,本研究从温州大学学前专业的学生（3＋2前三阶段）两个班160名学生中进行实验研究,其中实验组80名,对照组80名,同时对实验组80名学生进行为期三学期的有氧健身操教学,800米考试采用音乐伴奏进行。实验结果显示：有氧健身操的练习能有效控制学生的体重、三围;音乐伴奏下的考试具有调整学生跑的节奏和心境状态,降低考试焦虑,消除疲劳,避免抑制,对女生800米成绩的提高有着积极的作用。     

《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》第二套和第三套运动强度对比研究

采用问卷调查、实验研究和数理统计等方法,对中国健美操协会于2005年和2009年分别推出的第二套和第三套《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》中的成人组1～5级有氧操部分的运动强度及规律进行研究。结果表明,第二套和第三套《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》成人1～5级有氧操部分运动中的强度变化呈渐增型趋势,两套《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》1～4级动作心率都在健身负荷的心率有效价值区间(60%MHR～80%MHR),符合全民健身的HR锻炼标准,两套《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》1～5级同级别之间运动强度不存在显著性差异,主观感觉方面第三套《全国健美操大众锻炼标准》总体优于第二套,为更好、更安全地推广大众健美操奠定了一定的基础,也拓宽了健美操等级套路的选择范围。