A Juggling Act: A feminist post-structuralist analysis of girls' and boys' talk in the secondary classroom

Relatively few models of good practice in feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis exist in current educational research. Drawing on a study of girls' and boys' speech in a secondary, mixed-sex classroom, the article aims to show that the use of feminist post-structuralist analysis can often be a tricky juggling act. On one hand, it aims to show the complexity of how girls are multiply positioned by competing classroom discourses as at times powerful and at other times powerless; on the other, it aims to reveal how and why girls can be silenced in particular classroom contexts. Such multiplicity in the analysis does not, however, undermine the use of feminist post-structuralism as a politically confident theoretical framework. On the contrary, it is argued that it can produce powerful insights about gendered discourse that may potentially transform educational practice.     

Women@Work: Listening to gendered relations of power in teachers' talk about new technologies

This article examines teachers' working identities, focusing on gender inequities among teachers, within the school system, and in society, especially in relation to their competence with and use of computers. It highlights some of the less obvious tensions that are central to the work of teaching in relation to these new technologies, paying explicit attention to the gender inequities that continue to structure our understandings of both teaching as a profession and technology as a cultural artefact. In particular, the article documents how, for the teachers who were studied, perceptions of expertise and experiences of access in relation to new technologies were produced and maintained by the gender inequities evident in computing cultures pervasive in both schools and society more generally.     

The promise of post-structuralist methodology: ethnographic representation of education and masculinity

The past decade has witnessed a remarkable explosion of knowledges across the academy, media and political discourse, generating a wide range of representations of men and masculinity. In this paper, we interrogate the failure for an accompanying understanding of the epistemological and methodological implications of the research process in this area of inquiry. More specifically, the paper is located within a particular arena: the schooling of masculinities. The first section critically explores how the ethnographic study, The making of men used identity politics as a methodological theme. The second section continues to draw upon this study by highlighting the emerging methodological tensions between identity politics and a politics of cultural difference. Finally, the third section builds upon this reflexive account, drawing upon our more recent work; it further explores the promise of post-structuralist methodology in relation to emerging paradigms for masculinity research.     

A meaningful meaninglessness: Canadian university culture as gendered and class-based privilege

Recent Canadian university student misbehaviour (rape chants, harassment, sexual assault, and anti-social media posts) has garnered much attention in the media and from university administrations. Most research concerned to address these issues focuses on sexual attitudes, gender, and party culture. In this study, we analyse student interviews from a narrative perspective and find that students use storytelling devices to construct a gendered, but also class-based, division of self into two parts: university life that ‘does not count’ and post-university life that ‘counts’ in terms of choices and actions. We called this construction a ‘meaningful meaninglessness’. We conclude with a consideration of the meaning of the university in general and how current trends in education may contribute to student alienation.     

Disclosing self to friends and family: A reexamination of initial questions

This study reinvestigated questions raised by Sidney Jourard in the initial stages of research on self‐disclosure. Using new conceptualizations and measures, this study attempted to assess the viability of previous research conclusions. The study specifically investigated the effects of discloser sex, topic of disclosure, and the target of disclosure on five dimensions of reported self‐disclosure. With 104 undergraduate volunteers as subjects, 2 × 2 × 2 (sex by topic by target) analysis of variance and follow‐up tests revealed that disclosures to both parents were more positive but less honest, frequent, and intimate than to best same‐sex friend. Topic affected or interacted to affect three of the dimensions of disclosure while the sex variable interacted to affect only one. These results provide little support for the conclusions drawn by Jourard. Evidently, topic and target now function as constraints on the ways individuals reveal information about themselves.     

Poverty reduction through entrepreneurship: Microcredit,learning and ambivalence amongst women in urban Tanzania

Microcredit strategies combine the logic of business, progressive approaches to learning from experience and the key aim to reduce poverty, especially amongst women. The focus in such interventions on the independent, entrepreneurial citizen suggests not only new ways to generate economic growth and sustainable development, but an important recalibration of the repressive social relations thought to be at the root of women's persistent ‘under-development’. This article explores women's experiences of their roles as entrepreneurs, and reflects on how the learning processes and outcomes associated with microcredit schemes ‘shape the self’, often in quite unpredictable ways. The article is based on an ethnographic study of disadvantaged women in Dar es Salaam, and follows them as they participate in NGO-based training schemes, ‘practise’ entrepreneurship in a range of income-generating settings, and negotiate the consequences of the new subjectivities on which the independent, entrepreneurial citizen is based. Like many microcredit programmes, the majority of women in the study were full time housewives before joining the scheme. Others had left their jobs following retrenchment, prejudice or gender discrimination. In all cases, they started their own businesses with little or no business experience or education. Whilst some appear to have embraced the new opportunities, others have struggled. In all cases, microcredit and the associated learning processes produced contradictory and ambivalent feelings of success and failure, hope and disappointment, progress and exclusion. The article explores these ambivalences in order to critique development initiatives that are based on universal notions of autonomy and self-determination in contexts shaped by dependence and structural inequality.     

Silent pedagogy and rethinking classroom practice: structuring teaching through silence rather than talk

Classroom observations are an important source of information about teaching and about the practice of particular teachers. The paper considers the value placed on talk as opposed to silence in this context and suggests that a cultural bias towards talk means that silence is commonly perceived negatively. The paper is based on a qualitative research study involving interviews with 25 teacher participants. These participants identify different types of silence and report how they use various silences in the classroom, suggesting that many different types of silence may be used productively in teaching and learning. The paper provides examples of questions that might be asked when observing teachers' uses of silence rather than talk. It concludes by proposing that classroom observations should take into account the complex skills of ‘silent pedagogy’ where the teacher makes conscious decisions to abstain from intervention based on continuous sensitive readings of the learning environment.     

Perspectives of Schooling through Karaoke: A metaphorical analysis

This paper plays with education through the analogy of karaoke to tease out the instructions of a situated educational practice. Here, Cremin's conceptualization of education as a deliberate, systematic and sustained effort is employed as a starting point to enable an understanding of educational practice between members elicited by karaoke. Using Garfinkel's ethnomethodological framework, the paper investigates modes of education through karaoke practice as part of the ‘live’ narrative, that of instructing and being instructed with the ‘curriculum’ of the event at hand.     

Curriculum as post-intentional phenomenological text: working along the edges and margins of phenomenology using post-structuralist ideas

In this article, I experiment along the edges and margins of the phenomenological notion of intentionality using the Deleuzoguattarian concepts of multiplicity and line of flight. Working from Pinar et al.’s anticipation that phenomenology would undergo discursive shifts tending towards the post-structural, I theorize curriculum as post-intentional phenomenological text. To illustrate, I use this post-intentional figuration to theorize some of my recent professional development work with teachers and argue that post-intentional phenomenological theorizing might be useful for curriculum theorists.     

Flowers,Dancing, Dresses,and Dolls: Picture Book Representations of Gender-Variant Males

Over the past fifty years, children’s picture books have made great strides toward literary equity by including more perspectives from and stories about marginalized groups, such as those whose gender identities do not conform to heteronormative standards. While texts featuring gender-variant male characters engage in topics that are far too often shoved into the proverbial closet, what is yet to be determined is the degree to which they adequately reflect the complexity of (gender) identity and to what extent such picture books can counter narratives related to traditional “masculinity.” The purpose of this paper is to critically examine picture book representations of gender variance, as exhibited by male characters, in order to determine the books’ potential for exploring issues of social justice with elementary-age students. This study utilizes a critical multiculturalist lens to challenge the ways in which gender variance is represented in children’s literature and the reasons that young gender-variant male protagonists achieve—or do not achieve—communal acceptance.     

英语专业精读课堂教师用语的实证研究

文章以话语分析理论为基础,通过实际的英语课堂教学观察及对收集数据的定量和定性分析,找出目前英语专业精读课堂教学存在的问题及原因,并提出英语教师课堂话语的改进建议与对策,以实现师生间的持续有效沟通,创设交互式课堂情景,激发学生学习英语的主动性。     

Investigating everyday measures through exploratory talk: whole class plenary intervention and landscape study at grade four

We report an exploratory talk based, whole class plenary intervention, in relation to students’ understanding of everyday measures and measurement, in a grade four classroom at a grade 4–6 school in Sweden. Extended, project related, teacher-researcher collaboration forms basis for such cultural historical activity theory or CHAT based efforts. As formative intervention, the conduct of the plenary is not pre-determined but embedded in ongoing curricular realities, with the agency of students and teacher promoted, pedagogical ideas reutilised and the role of researcher viewed as supporting design and growth of the intervention. Under Charlotta’s guidance as teacher, the plenary is opportunity for her students to examine improbable scenarios such as, Can Eva and Anton measure the length of Sweden on foot, Can Lars and Iris measure their age in decimeters. A zone of proximal development is created, in which students make the transition from spontaneous to scientific concepts and learn how various units of measurement are objects-that-can-be-used-for-certain-purposes. With opportunity for critical and reflective inquiry, in a plenary designed to lead development, Charlotta’s students look beyond the making of rote measurements and articulate a theory of measure in nascent terms. Such a landscape of teaching–learning is finally understood in terms of the nature of talk that was facilitated, the manner of pedagogy utilised, the style of teaching exercised and the kind of learning that was demanded of her students.     

Integrating the liberal arts and preprofessionalism through field experience: A process analysis

Qualitative studies of seven field internship programs have focused on understanding the key meanings of field study for students and on key variables associated with significant meanings. Based on self-report data and on analysis of student performance, two processes have been identified as central to the achievement of liberal arts goals in a field setting. These processes are reciprocity and decentering, both implying, in Piagetian terms, the coordination of multiple perspectives on the experience. The simultaneous occurrence involves an integrative process that bridges the liberal versus vocational education gap. Operational definitions and practical applications are presented, along with a theoretical model for understanding the utility of field study in higher education.A version of this paper was presented at the Fifth National Conference of the Society for Field Experience Education, Los Angeles, October 1976.     

谈英语影视教学

英语影视教学为我国当今普遍采用的一种手段,具有信息量大、语言环境直接、交互性强等优势。文章探讨英语教学中教师和学生的作用、教学过程和影视教学中应注意的问题,以及该现代外语教学手段发挥更加显著的作用。     

《喜羊羊与灰太狼之虎虎生威》的多模态话语分析

由于电影话语分析涉及到图像、音乐、语言、声音、文本等多种符号模态,以往人们常从文学评论、电影评论、心理学、美学等宏观角度出发对其进行探讨,而较少使用以语言学为切入点的语篇分析方法。通过从再现意义、互动意义和构图意义上讨论电影《喜洋洋与灰太狼之虎虎生威》中虎威太岁拜年的图像意义表达方式,从电影的角度分析虎威太岁出场的场景、场面调度、画格,从动画的独特特点分析该电影中各个动画人物色彩等各级阶符号,以及从图像、文字如何与听觉模态音乐等互动方面分析其背景音乐及片尾插曲,可以发现多模态话语分析理论在动画电影分析中具有可行性。     

Ethnicity and student identity in schools: an analysis of official and unofficial talk in multiethnic classrooms

The present study shows that power relations in classrooms between Dutch and immigrant students radically shift when students move from academic talk to more open, free talk. Whereas in their interactions with immigrant students, Dutch students are able to represent the more powerful role in the official, academic discourse, they lose this position in the unofficial, nonacademic discourse. These shifts show that ethnic relationships are played out differently in different discursive domains. They also show that academic identities do not exist as such but are specific to certain minority–majority relationships. This study builds upon a tradition of studies that have argued that ethnic minorities construct academic identities depending on the social setting. However, this study shows the instability of these constructions while demonstrating their dependency on specific ethnic interactions and discursive modes. The study is based on the analysis of interaction patterns in multiethnic classrooms in the Netherlands focussing on (a)symmetries in knowledge sharing. An ethnographic approach is combined with quantitative analyses to test group differences. The results are interpreted and discussed in the light of a poststructuralist view on how ethnic minority groups construct academic identities and how these are related to minority–majority relationships.     

试谈历史教学和爱国主义教育

爱国主义教育纲要的实施 ,爱国主义思想的形成 ,中学阶段是一个重要时期 ,中学各科教学尤其是历史教学 ,历史教师肩负着极其重要的任务 ,如何在历史教学活动中进行爱国主义教育呢 ?以下谈一些我在历史课中的尝试。一、爱国主义的形成源于爱国情感的培育青少年学生爱国主义的形成 ,重要的是对学生进行爱国情感的培育。情感是由人的社会需要能否得到满足而产生的 ,这种需要包括物质和精神的两大领域。爱国情感不是先天的 ,而是通过后天的习染、有意识地加以培育形成的 ,也就是 :一方面需要社会环境的影响 ,国家和法律的外部影响促使学生形成爱…     

Identity construction in adolescent girls: the context dependency of racial and gendered perceptions

This study examines the life world of school‐going adolescent girls in Johannesburg and their construction of identity. It outlines the socio‐historical background of concepts relating to identity such as race and culture and their use and misuse in the South African context. In South Africa, race/culture/identity have been historically conflated for political purposes. This article considers ‘being Black’ and ‘being White’ as ‘invisible’ and pre‐constituted categories and shows how these categories are best understood as being context‐bound. These varied contexts are perceived by girls as being related to class location, geographical areas, socialization, religion, views on marriage speaking English, generational differences and the secrecy around racist discourse as well as the hopes for reconciliation between Black and White people. For White girls, the simultaneous confidence in and ambiguity of their ‘being White’ is inscribed in its negation and a world of dwindling privilege. Although race is a significant strand in Black girls’ identity, socio‐economic factors emerge as the most important formative feature of identity.     

浅谈脂肪肝的预防与控制

脂肪肝影响着现代都市人的健康,预防和控制脂肪肝十分重要．人们只有选择科学的生活方式,做到“合理膳食、少饮酒、多运动、合理用药”,才能远离脂肪肝的威胁．