脊柱转动电测试仪的研制和应用研究

运用人机工程学原理设计了人体头颈和腰椎转动传感器,完成了脊柱转动辐度电测试仪的研制和标定。运用该仪器对青年组、老年组分别进行了头颈和腰左、右转动幅度的实测。研究结果得出,人体脊柱转动辐度与年龄呈密切负相关;运动可以改善老年人腰及头颈的柔韧性     

鲨鱼皮的威力

鲨鱼皮游泳衣是把仿生学理论和流体力学理论运用到体育领域里中的一次尝试，包含了仿生学、工业设计、人体工程学、材料科学等相关学科的最新成果。有专家甚至认为它是继比基尼问世以来在泳衣设计上的又一次跨时代革命。     

人体工程学在骨关节康复医疗器械中的应用

人体工程学是我国20世纪40年代后期迅速发展起来的一门技术学科。它的核心旨是充分利用人体工程学的理论原理创造出一个科学、舒适、安全的生活环境。本文将从骨关节康复医疗器械的角度列举了人体工程学在骨关节康复医疗器械中的作用,并建议康复医疗器械应根据患者与医生的现实状况而设计,特别在骨关节临床诊断与治疗康复技术迅速提升,骨关节医疗康复器械的临床应用越来越广泛的基础上,人们使用的高质量骨关节康复医疗产品就必须符合人体工程学的设计。     

浅析跳跃练习对提高自行车运动员“蹬、踏”速度的影响

采用文献资料法、实验法和统计法等方法进行研究。以江苏省自行车运动员力量训练的构成要素及其组合方式的角度,重点探讨跳跃练习对提高自行车运动员＂蹬、踏＂速度的影响与成绩关系。     

一种新型鼠标的设计

通过对一般市场上的鼠标进行分析和改进,本文提出了一种新型鼠标的设计方案.结构完全不同于现在已经存在的光电鼠标的设计,可以节省更多的空间,操作也更方便,可以更快、更精准的定位,酷炫的造型和切合人体工程学的设计可以让人操作起来更舒适.     

办公室自动提醒站立座垫设计

随着健康问题的日益普遍,人们愈发关注和防治.特别是上班族和学生整天待在室内,在“享受”空气污染、电子污染的同时,双腿长期闲置,会导致下半身越坐越宽.由于缺乏阳光与运动,不仅会面色苍白、缺少活力、腰酸背痛、身材走样,一旦脂肪囤积过多,很容易造成心脏、血管方面的疾病.因此,解决办公室白领及学生们长时间坐着工作学习影响身体健康的问题尤为重要.本项目拟以keil4,Visual C++6.0,STC_ISP,AUTO CAD等工具和普中HC6800ES-V 1.1单片机开发板,震动器元件制作出声,震动的办公室用提醒座垫为基本目标.自制一款定时器上位机软件安装于PC,座垫采用USB数据线接线,与PC进行通信和供电.设计的电子座垫能够定时提醒工作人员工作一段时间后站立活动,调整身体姿势,进行自由的休息活动.电子座垫提醒时间可调,可以选用声、震动的提醒方式,座垫设计有机械振动按摩和提醒装置.     

三届全运会优秀马拉松、中长跑和自行车运动员的最大吸氧量

马拉松、中长跑和自行车运动项目对人体的机能要求很高,特别对维持人体长时间紧张运动的有氧代谢功能的要求更为显著。正由于这个特点,它对人体发生极为深刻的影响。当前,我国马拉松、中长跑和自行车的运动水平与世界先进水平相比还有一个不小的差距,为了尽快赶上世界先进水平,从生理机能方面分析这类项目目前落后的原因,为改进今后的训练制度和训练方法提供某些生理学根据,无疑也是一项迫切的任务。耐力性周期性项目的运动成绩高低,很大程度取决于人体最大有氧代谢的水平,运动成绩与最大吸氧量之间具有密切的相关。现代耐力训练的一个重要方面就是最大限度提高人体有氧代谢功能。     

短距离场地自行车运动项目制胜的核心因素解析

我国女子短距离场地自行车运动员的竞技能力水平近年来有了明显的提高,但大赛成绩却不理想。面对这一现实,运用文献资料法、专家访谈法、跟踪调查法、个案分析法、数理统计及逻辑分析法等多种研究方法,对我国女子短距离场地自行车运动项目制胜的核心因素进行解析。研究表明:对自行车专项运动成绩有决定性影响的因素称为制胜因素,制胜因素以及制胜因素之间的内在本质的联系构成了项目的制胜规律,运动员竞技能力的发展水平运用于比赛之中即为其制胜能力;场地自行车运动员是运动训练与参赛的主体,自行车比赛中对运动员竞技能力充分发挥的理想要求即是其制胜的核心要素,主要包括:全程高速能力、技术合理稳定能力、战术灵活运用能力、连续多赛能力、拼搏争胜能力。在实践中,亦可简称为"快、稳、灵、多、搏"五个要素。     

自行车项目生物力学研究的国内外现状

通过文献法，介绍运用生物力学方法对自行车项目的踏蹬技术、自行车的设计与改进、自行车骑行时的阻力、录像解析等方面国内外研究的现状，并对自行车项目的一些运动生物力学问题进行了初步理论探讨。     

第二届国际奥委会世界科学大会消息

第二届国际奥委会世界科学大会定于1991年10月26日至31日在西班牙巴塞罗那加泰隆体育学院召开。申报论文的要求: 1、未在刊物上公开发表或报告过的论文方可申报,报送的论文原稿须有主要作者的签名为证。 2、论文内容须与大会的五个学科有关,具体内容如下:生物科学(生理、生化、人体测量学、神经肌肉传导学)、物理科学(生物力学、生物物理学、工程学、技术学)、社会心理学(心理学在体育运动中的应用研究)、人文科学(社会学、历史、社会过程学)、医学     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

对欧洲足球技战术发展趋势的思考

结合欧洲足球技战术的发展特点,就鲁能泰山足球队的体能训练、技术训练、防守阵型、进攻方式、定位球、职业态度、球星培养等诸方面所存在的不足进行了分析,提出相应的改进意见。