简介一种自制的新型电极

从理论上讲,任何氧化还原反应都可安排成原电池反应.但要将很多常见的氧化-还原反应安排成原电池反应(如:氢氧燃料电池等)予以演示,却不是一件容易的事.本文介绍一种自制的新型电极,利用这种电极可将大部分的氧化—还原反应方便地做成原电池向学生予以演示.     

Experimental research on charging characteristics of a solar photovoltaic system by the pressure-control method

The charging characteristics of the valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery driven by solar energy were experimentally studied through the pressure-control method in this paper. The aims of the research were to increase charging efficiency to make the most of solar energy and to improve charging quality to prolong life of battery. The charging process of a 12 V 12 A·h VRLA battery has been tested under the mode of a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system. Results show that the pressure-control method can effectively control PV charging of the VRLA battery and make the best of PV cells through the maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The damage of VRLA battery by excess oxygen accumulation can be avoided through the inner pressure control of VRLA battery. Parameters such as solar radiation intensity, charging power, inner pressure of the battery, and charging current and voltage during the charging process were measured and analyzed.     

Recursive calibration for a lithium iron phosphate battery for electric vehicles using extended Kalman filtering

In this paper, an efficient model structure composed of a second-order resistance-capacitance network and a simply analytical open circuit voltage versus state of charge (SOC) map is applied to characterize the voltage behavior of a lithium iron phosphate battery for electric vehicles (EVs). As a result, the overpotentials of the battery can be depicted using a second-order circuit network and the model parameterization can be realized under any battery loading profile, without a special characterization experiment. In order to ensure good robustness, extended Kalman filtering is adopted to recursively implement the calibration process. The linearization involved in the calibration algorithm is realized through recurrent derivatives in a recursive form. Validation results show that the recursively calibrated battery model can accurately delineate the battery voltage behavior under two different transient power operating conditions. A comparison with a first-order model indicates that the recursively calibrated second-order model has a comparable accuracy in a major part of the battery SOC range and a better performance when the SOC is relatively low.     

Energy management strategy for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle equipped with a battery/ultra-capacitor hybrid energy storage system

To solve the low power density issue of hybrid electric vehicular batteries, a combination of batteries and ultra- capacitors （UCs） could be a solution. The high power density feature of UCs can improve the performance of battery/UC hybrid energy storage systems （HESSs）. This paper presents a parallel hybrid electric vehicle （HEV） equipped with an internal combus- tion engine and an HESS. An advanced energy management strategy （EMS）, mainly based on fuzzy logic, is proposed to improve the fuel economy of the HEV and the endurance of the HESS. The EMS is capable of determining the ideal distribution of output power among the internal combustion engine, battery, and UC according to the propelling power or regenerative braking power of the vehicle. To validate the effectiveness of the EMS, numerical simulation and experimental validations are carried out. The results indicate that EMS can effectively control the power sources to work within their respective efficient areas. The battery load can be mitigated and prolonged battery life can be expected. The electrical energy consumption in the HESS is reduced by 3.91% compared with that in the battery only system. Fuel consumption of the HEV is reduced by 24.3% compared with that of the same class conventional vehicles under Economic Commission of Europe driving cycle.     

Experimental research on charging characteristics of a pressure-controlled VRLA battery in high-temperature environments

Valve-regulated-lead-acid （VRLA） battery charging performed in high-temperature environments is extremely risky under overcharge conditions, and may lead to a subsequent thermal runaway. A new pressure-controlled charging method was adopted and the charging characteristics of the pressure-controlled VRLA battery in high-temperature environments were experimentally studied. The concept was tested in a large temperature gradient to obtain more details about the effects of users＇ accustomed charging and discharging modes on battery capacity. The premature capacity loss （PCL） phenomenon under high temperature exposure was analyzed. The results showed that the capacity loss could be recovered by charging using a large current.     

Influence of deep sea environment on the performance of a LiFePO<Subscript>4</Subscript> polymer battery

A lithium-ion polymer battery cell is an ideal energy source for underwater vehicles due to its high energy density and small volume. However, the performance of lithium-ion batteries in a 10 000 m deep sea is still unknown and is of particular concern in the design of 10 000 m autonomous remote vehicles (ARVs). In this paper, we explore how the external characterizing parameters of a LiFePO₄ polymer battery during discharge are affected by a high pressure of 100 MPa and low temperature of 3 °C for simulating the conditions experienced in a 10 000 m deep sea environment. An unscented Kalman filter (UKF) algorithm is applied to estimate the state of charge (SoC) of a battery to investigate the influence of high hydrostatic pressure on SoC estimation due to changes in parameters. The results indicate that the LiFePO4 polymer battery works under 100 MPa hydrostatic pressure, but its parameters change obviously and influence SoC estimation. SoC estimation accuracy was improved through compensating the functions of open circuit voltage (OCV) versus the state of charge (OCV-SoC) of the battery in a 100 MPa hydrostatic pressure and a low temperature environment.     

农村太阳能LED路灯控制系统设计

为了缩短铅酸蓄电池的充电时间和延长其使用寿命,设计了一种太阳能LED路灯自动控制系统.通过实时采集蓄电池和太阳能电池板的电压来调整PWM波形的占空比,从而实现快速脉冲充电.恒压限流快速脉冲充电方法能有效消除蓄电池极化现象,提高充电效率.此系统能准确控制蓄电池充放电过程,可广泛用于农村道路亮化工程,具有可靠性高、性价比高、节能环保、CO2零排放等优点.     

基于环境分析的长兴蓄电池企业竞争策略研究

浙江长兴是我国重要的蓄电池生产基地。目前,长兴蓄电池企业面临难得的机遇：从宏观上看,蓄电池产品市场需求持续旺盛,政府支持蓄电池产业发展;从微观上看,蓄电池行业的集中度较高,下游企业的威胁相对较小。尽管蓄电池企业也存在原材料价格上涨,替代品威胁等不利因素,但整体上是机会大于威胁。各类蓄电池企业应根据宏观环境和行业现状,结合自身的特点,采取不同的竞争策略,以赢得自身的生存和发展。     

汽车双组电瓶充放电自动转换控制器设计

商用车发动机起动功率及电气产品功能的增加,带来整车耗电量急剧增大。迫使一些车辆改用双组电瓶并联或轮流供电,由于两组电瓶并联放电使用时电瓶的性能差别会造成过多的自放电损耗,直接影响到电瓶使用寿命,双组电瓶并联充电时会导致车辆充电系统过载故障甚至损坏充电电路部件。设计该电路,能够根据电瓶电量情况自动切换给双组电瓶分别充电及控制放电,使车辆充电系统及电瓶工作在最佳状态,能够长期保持两电瓶电量充足,克服目前部分车辆采用的手动切换方式,影响电瓶使用寿命的弊端。     

一种新型多节锂离子电池包管理系统(英文)

为多节锂离子电池包提出了一种新型的基于主从式控制的管理系统.该电池包管理系统适用于任意节锂离子电池包.整个系统由一个主控制器和一组子管理芯片组成.电池包的每节电池对应一个子管理芯片.与现有的电池管理系统不同,所提出的方案具有独特的通信方式,并能简单直接地采集电池状态信息.每个子管理芯片和与其相邻的子芯片通讯,传递电池信息并接受来自主控制器的命令.该方法能够使电池包管理芯片系统在标准的CMOS工艺平台上实现.一块基于CSMC 0.5μm 5V N阱CMOS工艺的测试芯片经过流片并测试,验证了所提出的信号通讯方式和电池包管理芯片系统能完成对多节锂离子电池包的保护与管理.     

电池管理系统关键技术SOC估算的研究

在大量先验数据的基础上,根据电池管理系统的采样数据,结合安时积分法和开路电压法,对电池SOC进行估算,同时考虑温度及单体电池的不一致性对电池性能的影响,根据不同温度与电池SOC之间的修正数据关系对上述算法进行高低端修正,实验结果表明此方法能够降低安时积分法估计电池SOC的累积误差,准确估算电池SOC,且具有较强的实用性和可靠性。     

电位差计测电池电动势的探讨

结合教材与实验教学分析用电位差计测量电池电动势原理中,补偿回路中一段电阻两端的电压平衡的不是电池的电动势而是电池的端电压,从而阐明电位差计测出的是电池的端电压,而非电池的电动势。     

方形锂电池压痕测试有限元分析

机械载荷对车用动力电池的安全性具有重要影响,其中挤压变形是导致电池短路失效的重要因素之一。锂离子电池在使用中可能会受到外部冲击,从而破坏电池内部结构,导致电池无法正常工作。以方形锂电池为例,研究其在受到压痕作用时的力学特性,通过有限元建模,仿真分析了压痕在不同位置、不同加载速率和不同压头半径下的电池受力情况。结果表明,在高速率、大半径、中心位置的球形压头加载情况下,电池会承受较大压力,压痕区域内不同位置的承受力也不均匀,压痕区域中间位置受力最大,而在电池边缘部分,电池基本上不受力,近乎为零。这为初步判断电池的短路位置和易破坏区域提供了有效参考,也为锂电池设计提供了一定理论依据。     

电动车电瓶早衰原因及其预防措施

针对现有电动车电瓶早衰严重的问题,结合电瓶的工作原理,深入分析了电瓶早衰的原因,并提出了具体的预防措施。试验表明,这些措施能够较好地保证电瓶的使用寿命,预防早衰,具有很好的应用参考价值。     

基于单片机的蓄电池监测系统研究与设计

针对蓄电池的基本工作情况,分析和研究了蓄电池的主要性能指标及检测方法,介绍了关键的测量原理与算法以及系统硬件与软件的设计;通过实时监测蓄电池的充放电参数,确保蓄电池正常工作,也便于发现损坏的或者性能显著降低的蓄电池,有益于蓄电池的维护。     

钠硫电池性能研究及应用

钠硫电池具有容量大,体积小,寿命长,效率高的优点,原材料广,制备成本低,不受场地限制,维护方便.广泛应用于削峰填谷,应急电源,风力发电等可再生能源的稳定输出及提高电能质量方面,是各种先进的二次电池中最成熟最具潜力的一种先进储能电池.     

基于DS2438的多功能智能蓄电池充电器的设计

介绍了一种基于DS2438智能充电器的设计方案,该智能充电器能对各类蓄电池进行充电,并对充电电池具有自动检测能力.监测芯片将电池的电压、电流、温度等参数通过单总线的方式送到单片机,由单片机AT89S52进行控制,保证蓄电池不过充,以合理的充电方式进行充电,使其蓄电池延长使用寿命.     

Towards identifying dyslexia in Standard Indonesian: the development of a reading assessment battery

With its transparent orthography, Standard Indonesian is spoken by over 160 million inhabitants and is the primary language of instruction in education and the government in Indonesia. An assessment battery of reading and reading-related skills was developed as a starting point for the diagnosis of dyslexia in beginner learners. Founded on the International Dyslexia Association’s definition of dyslexia, the test battery comprises nine empirically motivated reading and reading-related tasks assessing word reading, pseudoword reading, arithmetic, rapid automatized naming, phoneme deletion, forward and backward digit span, verbal fluency, orthographic choice (spelling), and writing. The test was validated by computing the relationships between the outcomes on the reading-skills and reading-related measures by means of correlation and factor analyses. External variables, i.e., school grades and teacher ratings of the reading and learning abilities of individual students, were also utilized to provide evidence of its construct validity. Four variables were found to be significantly related with reading-skill measures: phonological awareness, rapid naming, spelling, and digit span. The current study on reading development in Standard Indonesian confirms findings from other languages with transparent orthographies and suggests a test battery including preliminary norm scores for screening and assessment of elementary school children learning to read Standard Indonesian.     

便携式大容量太阳能锂离子电池充电器的设计

锂离子电池其高能量、高电压、长寿命、无污染等优势成为人们的首选。硅太阳能电池可分为单晶硅电池、多晶硅电池、非晶硅电池。锂离子电池的充电过程可分为三个阶段即恒流模式、恒压模式及涓流模式。为此我们利用多晶硅电池,非晶硅电池作为主要的充电能源,对锂离子或者锂-聚合物可充电电池通过电池管理芯片,实现可移动太阳能锂离子电池充电。     

基于模糊控制的电池剩余电量的检测

随着电池应用的日益增多,蓄电池剩余电量的检测变得越来越重要.但蓄电池剩余电量是一个不能直接测量的参量,包括温度、放电速率和电池老化等诸多因素都可能会影响到它.本文利用模糊控制理论,阐述了一种蓄电池剩余电量的检测方法并借助Matlab仿真软件得到了测试效果.