高等数学在物理学中的应用

物理学是定量的科学,数学为物理学提供了定量表述和预言的能力,二者几乎总是不可分割地联系在一起。本文将从矢量、微分、积分等几个方面向读者展示如何使用数学语言,展开物理与数学的关系。数学是物理的语言,伽利略说"自然是一本打开着的大书,这本书是用数学语言写的,我先用数学来演算,然后用手和眼来检验,如果得出相同的答案,这个答案一般就是正确的"。这种思想是将观察与实验、物理思想和数学工具相结合的方法,具有伟大的生命力。     

Correlation between performance in physics and prior mathematics knowledge

The final grade of 1403 students enrolled in the first semester of the introductory, pre-professional physics course has been correlated with performance on a precourse diagnostic test of mathematical skills. The students were from a total of eight different sections taught by six separate instructors over a three year time span. The student population has been separated into two groups, those who completed the course (913 students) and those who dropped (490 students). The drops were assigned a “projected final grade”based on performance up to date of withdrawal. The Pearson product-moment correlation for students who completed the course is 0.418 and correlation for the drops is 0.232. Both correlations are significant at the p < 0.001 level. This study suggests that prior mathematical ability is a primary influence on performance in the course, and has a secondary influence on the tendency to drop out of the course.     

Teacher lust: reconstructing the construct for mathematics instruction

Two collegiate mathematics courses for prospective elementary and middle grades teachers provide the context for the examination of Mary Boole’s construct of teacher lust. Through the use of classroom observations and instructor interviews, the author presents a refined conception of teacher lust. Two working aspects of the construct were identified: (1) enacted teacher lust; an observable action that may remove an opportunity for students to think about or engage in mathematics for themselves; and (2) experienced teacher lust; an internal impulse to act in the manner described. Empirical examples of each facet, differences between conscious and unconscious interactions with teacher lust, along with potential antecedents are discussed.     

对中学数学课堂CAI存在问题及解决方法的探讨

本着重探讨中学数学课堂CAI应用和推广中存在的问题及其解决方法。     

Teacher help for conceptual level raising in mathematics

A field study with 16-year-old students in senior general secondary education was undertaken with the following research question: “Do students working in pairs on investigation tasks with the computer attain more conceptual level raising in mathematics when they are supported by a teacher who stimulates their interaction (process help) than when they are supported by a teacher who gives mathematical help (product help)?” Students in both conditions improved, but the two types of help showed no significant difference in level raising. Also, students in both conditions had serious problems with the learning materials, and wanted the teacher to explain and correct more. For students at this level of education, learning with investigation tasks in small groups appears to be very difficult.     

The Teacher as Examiner: the case of mathematics coursework

Recent developments in curriculum and assessment in the UK have led to increased involvement of teachers in high‐stakes summative assessment of their own students. Case studies of experienced secondary school mathematics teachers reading and assessing General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) coursework texts show that they experience tensions between their various roles and responsibilities as teachers and as examiners. Moreover, different teachers appear to resolve these tensions in different ways, adopting various positions in relation both to the content of the written coursework texts and to the student‐authors of the texts. Variations in teachers’ approaches to reading and assessing mathematics coursework may lead to differences in the ranks or grades allocated and, even where they do not, the meanings of the grades given by different teachers may be substantially different. Through examining teachers’ assessment practices, questions are raised both about the validity of such assessments and about the compatibility of the coursework examination system with the aims of the curriculum development which gave rise to it.     

Student characteristics and learning environment interactions in mathematics and physics education: A resource perspective

In two studies, one on secondary mathematics education, the other on secondary physics education, data were collected on students' cognitive achievement and characteristics of students and their learning environment. In this chapter the findings of the two studies are brought together in secondary analyses. The purpose is to explore whether relations between cognitive achievement and characteristics of students and their learning environment can be interpreted from a resource perspective. Although the results only partially support the theoretical model, planning of further research from a resource perspective may be fruitful.     

An appraisal of an online tutorial system for the teaching and learning of engineering physics in conjunction with contextual physics and mathematics,and relevant mathematics

The number of students entering engineering schools in Australian universities has increased tremendously over the last few years because of the Australian Federal Government's policy of increasing the participation rates of Higher School Certificate students and students from low social economic status backgrounds in the tertiary sector. They now come with a diverse background of skills, motivations and prior knowledge. It is imperative that new methods of teaching and learning be developed. This paper describes an online tutorial system used in conjunction with contextual physics and mathematics, and the revision of the relevant mathematical knowledge at the appropriate time before a new topic is introduced in the teaching and learning of engineering physics. Taken as a whole, this study shows that students not only improved their final examination results but there was also an increase in the retention rate of first-year engineering students which has financial implications for the university.     

高校实验用房分析与探析

该文分析了近些年引起高校实验用房紧张的原因，认为高校扩招、科研项目和设备投入的增加、一校多区是造成高校实验用房紧张的客观原因，而无偿分配体制导致人们多占多用是高校实验用房紧张的主观原因，提出通过定额管理达到用房自我约束，以及通过资源共享来缓解用房紧张的思路。     

Teaching about ethics through socioscientific issues in physics and chemistry: Teacher candidates' beliefs

The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify and explain the origins of physics and chemistry teacher candidates' beliefs about teaching about ethics through socioscientific issues (SSI). This study utilized a series of in‐depth interviews, while the participants (n = 12) were enrolled in a 9‐month teacher education program at an urban university in Canada. Our data analysis revealed that beliefs about teaching physics and chemistry using SSI derive from a complex web of fundamental beliefs exemplified by four archetypes representing the subject‐specific identities of our teacher candidates—Model Scientist/Engineer, Model Individual, Model Teacher, and Model Citizen. Furthermore, we found that the justification for belief change required by a particular teacher candidate depends on these subject‐discipline identities. Thus, the presence of each archetype in preservice classrooms has ramifications for the way a teacher educator should encourage his or her students to include SSI in their teaching. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 380–401, 2010     

Student loans in Japan: Current problems and possible solutions

The Japanese higher education sector has seen increases in tuition with stagnant household incomes in a society where family support for university students has been the norm. Student loans from the government have grown rapidly to sustain the gradual increase in university enrolments. These time-based repayment loans (TBRLs) have created financial hardship for increasing numbers of loan recipients and their families. There is some evidence that prospective students from low-income households are forgoing a university education to avoid student loan debt. The Japanese government has introduced some measures including grants and a partial income-contingent loan (ICL) scheme to help alleviate these problems.While the ICL scheme is a positive development, this paper shows that it requires further refinement and broader coverage if it is to adequately address the challenges facing higher education financing in Japan. We show that an affordable and universal ICL system could be introduced in Japan that avoids problems with the current partial income-contingent loan scheme and would help alleviate access issues for those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Importantly, the unique features of the Japanese labor market have to be carefully considered, especially the large gender wage gap for married women. By introducing dynamics into modeling graduate earnings and using carefully selected parameters, we show that it is possible to have a universal ICL which achieves a balance between access and affordable repayment with minimal long-run costs to taxpayers.     

俄语专业翻译教学活动主客体：问题与对策

我国俄语专业翻译教学存在一系列问题。其中,多数问题集中体现在翻译教学活动主客体身上。本文借助当代翻译理论研究成果,结合问卷调查的统计分析,指出翻译教学活动主客体存在的问题,并提出相应的对策。