Research on instructional development

The instructional technology field is periodically faced with discussion of the appropriate direction of its research and more specifically of the relationship between research and practice. This paper extends the discussion by examining the nature and scope of developmental research. Two categories of developmental research are explored. They vary in terms of the extent to which the conclusions resulting from the research are generalizable or contextually-specific. Type 1 research tends to be case studies of specific design, development, or evaluation projects with its findings directed toward the improvement of a product or identification of those conditions conducive to efficient product development and use. Type 2 research typically addresses the validity and/or effectiveness of an existing or newly constructed development model, process, or technique. The promise of developmental research as a vehicle for creating sound methods for linking research and practice is discussed.     

“紫金模式”下“双师型”教师队伍建设的意义与思路

“双师型”教师队伍建设是紫金人才培养模式实施的基础条件。本文论述了工科本科教育产学研结合模式下的这项工作的重要意义。并在通过分析近年来推进“双师型”教师队伍建设过程中所出现的困难和问题的基础上,对推进该类型教师队伍建设过程中的有关措施与方法,提出了工作思路和建议。     

Stability of overt Type A behaviors in children: results from a one-year longitudinal study

This paper describes the degree of similarity between repeated ratings (taken 1 year apart) of overt Type A behaviors in 2 samples totaling 633 children. The measure of overt Type A behaviors was the Matthews Youth Test for Health (MYTH), which was completed by the children's classroom teacher. Results showed that correlations between repeated MYTH ratings approximated .55 and in general increased somewhat with the children's school grade, although correlations between repeated ratings of competitive achievement behaviors of boys residing in an affluent eastern suburb were somewhat lower than above. The degree of similarity across 1 year in children's Type A behaviors is comparable to that found for adult Type A behaviors and for other cardiovascular risk factors in children. The discussion includes a consideration of assumptions underlying research on the origins of Type A behavior and suggests that etiological factors in the development of Type A might profitably be studied in primary school-aged children.     

Meta-Analysis of Meta-Analyses in Communication: Comparing Fixed Effects and Random Effects Analysis Models

Thirty-nine meta-analyses obtained from the past 10 years of communication research (1997–2007) were reanalyzed using fixed effects (FE), random effects (RE), and Hunter and Schmidt (HS) meta-analytic methods. The majority of studies (62%) reported use of the HS model in the original analysis. Differences identified between models include (a) greater propensity for Type 1 error under the FE approach, (b) episodes of inflated effect size (ES) under the RE approach, and (c) high levels of heterogeneity in population ESs across studies. Recommendations are made for scholars to appropriately choose and implement meta-analytic models in future research.     

A Study of Children’s Fears

In carefully examining the thesis of a paper by Anderson, Nelson, and Edgington (1984) concerning the socalled Fool’s Type IIa error, one realizes that certain fundamental statistical tenets have been overlooked or ignored. The purpose of the present paper is to discount the notion of a Fool’s Type IIa error under the Neyman-Pearson philosophy of testing statistical hypotheses and to highlight the need for improved statistical education related to hypothesis testing. If the importance of Type I and Type II errors cannot be quantified, then the Neyman-Pearson approach to hypothesis testing is of no value, and hence a Fool’s Type IIa error is irrelevant. If statistical testing errors are important and can be quantified, then adjustment for the Fool’s Type IIa error region is equivalent to increasing the probability of making a Type I error.     

某高师院校毕业生择业意向与职业倾向的关系研究

为了了解高师院校毕业生择业意向与职业倾向的相关性,本文采用自编择业意向问卷及霍兰德职业倾向量表对某高师院校毕业生进行了调查研究。结果发现:1.大学生的择业意向和职业倾向在性别、生源地、专业等三个方向存在差异;2.男生更多地属于事业型,而女生更多地属于艺术型和常规型;3.来自农村的毕业生更倾向于常规型,来自城市的毕业生在艺术型方面的比例明显高于来自农村的毕业生;4.理科生更多地属于调查型,而文科生更多地属于常规型。     

Optimum Sample Size and Number of Levels in a One-Way Random-Effects Analysis of Variance

In most behavioral science research very little attention is ever given to the probability of committing a Type II error, i.e., the probability of failing to reject a false null hypothesis. Recent publications by Cohen (2, 3) have led to a great deal of insight on this topic for the fixed-effects analysis of variance and covariance. These publications should prove invaluable in aiding social scientists to carry out and better understand their research. It is the purpose of this paper to provide social scientists with some insight in dealing with Type II error, and therefore, optimum sample size and number of levels, in the random-effects analysis of variance.     

Vapor Pressures of Di-n-Butyl Phthalate and Di-iso-ButylHexahydrophthalate at Reduced Pressures

In this paper the measured values of the vapor pressures by ebulliometer method of two important maleic anhydride recovery solvents, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-iso-butyl hexahydrophthalate (DIBE),between 0. 63-17. 79 kPa and 0. 49-30. 95 kPa,are reported respectively. A comparison of the data of DBP with the published data has been made, which shows good consistency. For the convenient use of these vapor pressures, Cragoe equation, Antoine equation and Kirchhoff equation are selected to correlate them. The correlating results show that Antoine equation is the best one of the three equations to fit for the vapor pressures of the two solvents. According to Clausius-Clapeyron equation, the linear relationship between natural logarithm of pressure and reciprocal of temperature is used to calculate the molar latent heats of evaporation of the two organic solvents. The molar latent heats of evaporation of DBP and DIBE are 75.1 kJ/mol and 67.7 kJ/mol, respectively.     

Traditional governance structures ‐ current policy pressures: The academic senate and Canadian universities

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to identify current policy pressures in Canadian higher education and explore their implications for academic decision‐making bodies based on data we obtained in our national study on university senates. We describe two inter‐related sets of public policy pressures that have emerged in recent years in Canada including on‐going financial restraint and a renewed interest in university research. We conclude by reviewing a number of important implications for Canadian university governance in the context of contemporary policy pressures.     

Dynamic Wave Pressures on Deeply Embedded Large Cylindrical Structures due to Random Waves

The response of dynamic wave pressures on structures would be more complicated and bring about new phenomena under the dynamic interaction between soil asnd structure.In order to better understand the response characteristics on deeply embedded large cylindrical structures under random waves,and accordingly to offer valuable findings for engineering ,the authors designed wave flume experiments to investigate comparatively dynamic wave pressures on a single and on continuous cylinders with two different cembedment depths in response to two wave spectra ,The time histories of the water surface elevation and the corresponding dynamic wave pressures exerted on the cylinder were analyzed in the frequency domain,By calculating the transfer function and spectral density for dynamic wave pressures along the height and around the circumference of the cylinder,experimental results of the single cylinder were compared with the theoretical results based on the linear diffraction theory ,and detailed comparisons were also carried out between the single and continuous cylinders ,Some new findings and the corresponding analysis are reported in present paoer,The investigation on continuous cylinders will be used in particular for reference in engineering applications becaus information is scarce on studying such kind of problem both analytically and experimentally.     

Teacher Coaching—Connecting Research and Practice

There are pressures for researchers to demonstrate impact and relevance. This paper recounts the case of translating research into training on coaching for mass consumption in secondary schools in England as part of a Government strategy. The account describes how the materials were developed for the particular format and how they were fine tuned after piloting with teachers. The discussion raises a number of significant issues about the relationship between research and practice: publishing formats, the conditions necessary for establishing research‐based innovations and the vital importance of research‐user relationships. It is proposed that insufficient attention is given to consultants in English school improvement efforts as important brokers between research and its users.     

Strategic Faculty Hiring in Two Public Research Universities: Pursuing interdisciplinary connections

This paper examines innovations in strategic faculty hiring emphasizing interdisciplinarity at two major public research universities in the USA. The research investigated how and why the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Wisconsin‐Madison chose to pursue interdisciplinary faculty recruitment, how it was structured, and how it was intended to cause changes in academic work at each university. The paper analyzes how the interdisciplinary aims of those innovations intersected with competitive pressures, resource acquisition strategies, and organizational problems. Implications are discussed in the last section.     

偏序集中的两个不动点定理

本文证明了偏序集中的两个不动点定理,它们分别是Tarski-Kantorovi tch不动点定理的推广与加强。     

Bildung and educational action research: resources for hope in neoliberal times

This paper draws upon empirical research to provide insights into current teacher learning practices under broader neoliberal conditions, and how the latter might be resisted. The paper contrasts neoliberal approaches to teachers’ learning with the Nordic tradition of educational action research and ‘Bildung’ as alternative resources to guide teachers’ and principals’ collective learning practices in schools, and draws upon empirical research to provide evidence of the benefits and challenges of doing so. The paper draws upon research into the learning practices of primary teachers in Australia, early childhood teachers in Sweden, and principals in Finland. The research reveals the influence of more Bildung-informed conceptions of educational action research, even as these are challenged by existing administrative cultures, and neoliberal pressures. The research presents ‘resources for hope’ to promote collective learning based on democratic values, not in an idealized or abstract manner, but in a way which is simultaneously cognizant of empirical realities.     

Demystifying the publication process – a structured writing program to facilitate dissemination of teaching and learning scholarship

This paper reports on a writing program to support academic staff to publish in peer-refereed journals. Nine participants completed a 12-week program, which involved regular meetings, set writing tasks, and peer feedback on drafts. A pre- and post-survey and follow-up interviews were used to gather feedback. Participants especially valued the discipline of weekly sessions and peer feedback. They reported increased skills and confidence in their writing, greater knowledge of the publication process, and intention to continue writing. Although five papers were published, a 12-month follow-up revealed that original writing intentions were not sustained. Thus, while a structured writing program can be effective, the pressures academic staff experience trying to meet conflicting requirements of teaching, administration, and research, must also be addressed.     

University‐Industry Research Partnerships in Australia: Extent,benefits and risks

While official reviews have concluded that Commonwealth Government programs to encourage university - industry research links have been largely successful, studies are needed to explore the extent and nature of such partnerships, and their effects within universities. Further, sections of the academic community and major media warn that industry links and university commercialisation efforts threaten traditional research and scientific values, and accepted norms of academic life including academic freedom. Survey data reported in the paper show that, on balance, industry - research links are working reasonably well for Australian science and technology academics. Some 36.7% of respondents in our sample drawn from three major Australian universities received industry research support and this group tended to be better qualified, more senior and more productive in research than academics without such partnerships. Respondents generally were well aware of both the benefits and risks of industry funding. On the positive side, respondents identified the main benefits as the provision of additional resources, support and enhanced career opportunities for students, opportunities to apply basic research results to industrial problems, less red tape than with government funding, and enhanced university prestige. On the negative side, respondents were concerned about threats to research autonomy, undesirable consequences associated with the commercialisation of knowledge, the low intellectual level of some contract work, reduced time of talented researchers available for teaching, and pressures on researchers to spend increased time on commercial activities.     

Neo-liberalism and the state of higher education in the UK

This article reports findings from a research project on the impact of neo-liberalism on university life in the UK. Unusually, data collection includes interviews with senior management such as heads of departments and senior professors, as well as with lecturers and union representatives. Interviewees reported that the nature of institutional and individual pressures has changed and intensified over the last 30 years, resulting generally in negative experiences for staff and students; yet grounds exist for rejecting a purely deterministic thesis on the impact of neo-liberalism on higher education. Certain aspects of university work were described in positive terms and individual senior managers seemed able at times to mediate external pressures. Creative strategies of resistance were evident which provided some relief from an otherwise gloomy scenario.     

日本一流高校国际化战略的注意力配置--以“顶级全球性大学计划”A类高校为例

为提升日本高校国际竞争力,日本文部科学省在2014年推出了"顶级全球性大学计划",并遴选出A类、B类共37所高校进行资助。研究以冲击世界百强为目标的13所A类高校为对象,基于注意力配置理论,采用文本分析的方法对13所高校提交审核的《改革构想书》中的国际化水平、治理改革、大学教育改革这三大维度的注意力配置情况进行分析。根据分析可知这13所高校在国际化发展中虽然聚焦维度比例各不相同,但大多集中关注国际化水平维度的多样性、语言教学能力、国际开放度,治理改革维度的管理机制,大学教育改革维度的教育质量这5个二级发展目标。高校结合自身特色,在注意力配置的方向、强度上做出不同的选择,规划绘制出一张共性与个性相结合的清晰的国际化发展蓝图,强弱结合保障国际化战略的可持续性发展。     

WebCT and Its Growth as a Type II Application

Abstract

Maddux, Johnson, and Willis mentioned in 1992 some “yet-to-be-developed types” that “have the potential to be Type II software if they are used in such a way that the user is given the ability to learn in new and better ways.” The authors of this paper will frame the discussion of learning management systems (LMS) around the concept of Type I and Type II applications of computers in education. We suggest that with the new trends of interoperability within WebCT, more researchers will accept WebCT as a potential Type II application. As more interactive learning objects are developed and shared on the WebCT format, it should be easier for instructors to create and teach courses that reflect the value systems expressed in the concept of Type II learning.