两汉魏晋南北朝的灾异政策

从西汉确定“独尊儒术”思想以来 ,中国古代封建君主一直以儒家思想作为其统治的依据。对西汉儒家思想集大成有最大贡献的董仲舒 ,特别看重天人感应论 ,作出“灾异谴告说”。封建君主应付灾异时所采取的灾异政策 ,在两汉时期形成。其内容包括灾异对策与灾异仪礼 ,分别起回答“天”的谴告、调节阳阴的作用。魏晋南北朝时期 ,人事优先于天事的倾向反映到仪礼运用上 :其重点由灾异移到服丧 ;由日食移到是旱灾。这种变化既有明显的时代特色 ,又反映了不可阻挡的时代趋势     

灾异谴告与汉儒说诗

灾异告说风靡汉代朝野，具有不容置疑的无上权威性，它积淀于每个儒生的灵魂深处，内化为一种思维定势，汉儒每每以灾异谴告说诗，指陈时弊，警醒人君，大大强化了诗的匡恶功能，成为《诗》学史上一道独特的风景线。     

天谴灾异说与孙吴政治

天谴灾异说在孔子思想中已经萌芽,董仲舒对之集大成,在天人合一的理论体系中获得逻辑论证,流行于西汉盛行于东汉。三国时期社会动荡,战乱频繁,天谴灾异说继续发挥作用,影响着君主的从政行为,不同的君主对之采取不同的态度。孙吴的统治者由于社会环境的变化,各有不同态度,天谴灾异说也直接影响了他们的各项政策。     

试论西汉灾异谴告理论的积极意义

灾异谴告是西汉社会独具特征的政治现象。对作为这一政治现象基础的灾异谴告理论,学术界一般持否定的态度,斥之为荒唐无稽的迷信和邪妄。虽然近年来有的学者开始对灾异谴告理论予以部分的肯定和较为积极的评价,但仍有继续探讨的余地。只有把灾异谴告理论产生的历史条件和它的社会效果综合起来予以考察,才能够得出较为切近历史实际的结论。     

董仲舒对《春秋》"灾异"的诠释

天命灾异是董仲舒之天的哲学的重要内容.董仲舒诠释<春秋>、<公羊传>,大谈灾异与人事的天人感应.灾异是天之所命,是天意的表现.人君的行为失道,天以灾异谴告、警惧,人君见灾异,"内动于心志,外见于事情,修身审己,明善心以反道者也",灾异自会消失;如果人君不能反省改过,则伤败乃至.因此,天命灾异表现了天的道德理性,肯定了人君的主体性,加强了人君无可逃避的责任感.董仲舒著<灾异之记>,以阴阳之道解释<春秋>灾异.董仲舒的天命灾异思想,虽无知识的意义,但有道德的价值.     

《太平广记》中的祥瑞灾异研究

祥瑞灾异思想曾对中国古代的政治与社会产生过深远地影响,它的主要政治功能是为君主专制统治提供理论依据。通过对《太平广记》中祥瑞灾异的研究,考察祥瑞灾异对中国古代社会的政治作用与影响。     

董仲舒对《春秋》“灾异”的诠释

天命灾异是董仲舒之天的哲学的重要内容。董仲舒诠释《春秋》、《公羊传》,大谈灾异与人事的天人感应。灾异是天之所命,是天意的表现。人君的行为失道,天以灾异谴告、警惧,人君见灾异,＂内动于心志,外见于事情,修身审己,明善心以反道者也＂,灾异自会消失;如果人君不能反省改过,则伤败乃至。因此,天命灾异表现了天的道德理性,肯定了人君的主体性,加强了人君无可逃避的责任感。董仲舒著《灾异之记》,以阴阳之道解释《春秋》灾异。董仲舒的天命灾异思想,虽无知识的意义,但有道德的价值。     

中国古代政治文化视野中的祥瑞灾异

祥瑞灾异作为一种传统的政治理论与政治文化，较为深刻地影响了中国古代的政治与社会，其主要政治功能在于为君主专制统治的合法性与权威性服务。作为一种意识形态，祥瑞灾异在各个历史时期发挥的政治功能因时代不同而有差别。另外，祥瑞灾异对中国古代的文化以及人们的心理也产生了重要影响。     

论王充对天人感应论的批判

王充对汉代社会普遍流行的天人感应论进行批判,其表述的基本观点是:天无意志,天道自然;王者兴于时命,圣而不神;灾异为阴阳所致,而非天神所谴告。王充对于天人感应论的批判是不彻底的,他在否定意志之神的同时,又肯定了命运之神的存在;在批判天人谴告说的同时,却又认为符瑞与圣贤和盛世是联系在一起的。     

汉代因灾避正殿初探

避正殿是汉代君主面对灾异举行的重要仪式,其内容包括素服、避正殿、不听事五日三个方面。这种仪式起源于西周或春秋战国时期,是失德天谴观念的产物。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.