浅析自然教育理论的历史演进

自然主义教育理论是西方教育历史上的一个重要理论，名教育家夸美纽斯、卢梭、裴斯塔洛齐等人都在他们的时代背景下，从不同角度论述了自然教育理论的含义，阐明了“教育必须适应儿童身心发展”的深刻道理。这些思想对于当前的教育实践改革仍有重要的借鉴价值。     

日本访读云南史料文献散记

笔者曾访学日本,就日本国会图书馆、公文书馆(内阁文库)、东洋文库、东海大学图书馆所见有关云南史料文献,分为原刊原抄本、大型丛书本和和刻汉籍本三类记之。     

Teaching prospective teachers about fractions: historical and pedagogical perspectives

Research shows that students, and sometimes teachers, have trouble with fractions, especially conceiving of fractions as numbers that extend the whole number system. This paper explores how fractions are addressed in undergraduate mathematics courses for prospective elementary teachers (PSTs). In particular, we explore how, and whether, the instructors of these courses address fractions as an extension of the whole number system and fractions as numbers in their classrooms. Using a framework consisting of four approaches to the development of fractions found in history, we analyze fraction lessons videotaped in six mathematics classes for PSTs. Historically, the first two approaches—part–whole and measurement—focus on fractions as parts of wholes rather than numbers, and the last two approaches—division and set theory—formalize fractions as numbers. Our results show that the instructors only implicitly addressed fraction-as-number and the extension of fractions from whole numbers, although most of them mentioned or emphasized these aspects of fractions during interviews.     

General theories in education: A twenty-five year perspective

Theories and paradigms of educational research as well as of educational philosophy in general were strongly affected by the dynamic development in the late 1950s and 1960s, when education enjoyed a spectacular increase in resources. Educational research was seen as a prime in strument in bringing about educational reforms and social change. Certain major changes in general theoretical orientation are identified: (1) A movement towards a cross-disciplinary approach as reflected in the establishment of comparative education and economics of education. (2) A broadening of the theoretical perspective from the classroom level to embrace the “ecology” of education in its entirety. (3) A movement from strict quantitative-statistical methods towards a qualitative and more holistic approach. The skepticism and disenchantment with educational research in recent years is partly ascribed to lack of workable theories and failure to implement promises to provide recipe solutions to classroom problems. The latter is an example of the role heuristic theory can play in providing the context and guidelines for fruitful interpretations and in discovering and reformulating problems that without basic research tend to be neglected.     

从问卷调查看地方院校大学物理学课程的教学

大学物理学是高等院校理工科专业一门重要的专业必修课程，在形式上又带公共课程的特点。通过问卷调查认识该课程的教学现状，并进行分析，是进行教学改革研究的基础。     

Teaching about ethics through socioscientific issues in physics and chemistry: Teacher candidates' beliefs

The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify and explain the origins of physics and chemistry teacher candidates' beliefs about teaching about ethics through socioscientific issues (SSI). This study utilized a series of in‐depth interviews, while the participants (n = 12) were enrolled in a 9‐month teacher education program at an urban university in Canada. Our data analysis revealed that beliefs about teaching physics and chemistry using SSI derive from a complex web of fundamental beliefs exemplified by four archetypes representing the subject‐specific identities of our teacher candidates—Model Scientist/Engineer, Model Individual, Model Teacher, and Model Citizen. Furthermore, we found that the justification for belief change required by a particular teacher candidate depends on these subject‐discipline identities. Thus, the presence of each archetype in preservice classrooms has ramifications for the way a teacher educator should encourage his or her students to include SSI in their teaching. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 380–401, 2010     

Children's observations,ideas, and the development of classroom theories about light

The purpose of this study was to examine the interaction between children's observations of light and shadows and their developing theories in the context of a series of lessons in a third-grade classroom. Detailed analysis of videotapes of the children's discussions of their investigations into light and shadows led to the finding that the children's observations of light led to the development of a limited theory about light that was largely useful in explaining classroom investigations. However, this theory of light was less helpful in helping them understanding shadow phenomena and was too limited to explain out-of-classroom observations of light and shadows.     

The development of first year physics students' ideas about measurement in terms of point and set paradigms

The ideas of first year university students about measurement in the physics laboratory are explored. Student responses to written probes administered at the beginning of the year are compared to those written after a 12 week laboratory course. The 'point' and 'set' paradigms are used as a model to analyse the responses to the probes. At the heart of the point paradigm is that both action and reasoning are based solely on individual measurements in a data set. On the other hand, subscribing to the set paradigm implies an understanding that a series of measurements are to be viewed as a collective that can be modelled by theoretical constructs, such as the mean and standard deviation. The degree of consistent use of these paradigms by individual students across the sets of probes is investigated. Implications for effective teaching interventions in the physics laboratory are discussed.     

The paradigmatic change in mechanics: Implications of historical processes for physics education

Analysing the paradigmatic shift from Peripatetic to Galilean physics can help to understand students' difficulties in learning Newtonian mechanics. This article promotes the use of historical texts in physics teaching as a means to support students in becoming aware of the structural differences between everyday life and scientific views of the world. The question is: Does conceptual change require paradigmatic change?     

Teaching and learning about human nutrition: a constructivist approach

The results of a constructivism‐based teaching programme on human nutrition for students in the second year of secondary education (13‐ and 14‐year‐olds) are analysed in light of the ideas held by the students before and after implementation of the programme. The results show how most of the students who participated in this programme reorganized their ideas concerning the nutritional process and achieved a fuller understanding of how nutrition comprises a series of related and integrated processes. Other students, who followed a more conventional method based on the teacher explanation and textbooks, tended to have erroneous or incomplete ideas concerning the nutritional process.     

Teaching essay-writing to extra-mural students: An integrated approach

This article desribes an attempt made by researchers at the Research Centre for University Extra-mural Studies to improve the performance of extra-mural students following courses in the Adam Mickiewicz University by providing systematic training in the preparation of written assignments. A significant feature of the experiment was the integration of pedagogic material into the content of the subject-based courses.     

Teaching organized crime patterns: An active learning approach

In this paper the authors suggest how instructors can use small groups to facilitate critical thinking and an active approach to learning. This pedagogical method attempts to initiate problem-solving and decision-making strategies by emphasizing a cooperative classroom climate where students learn from each other. In our example, the instructor presents content information that enables students to perform four basic progressions which apply critical thinking strategies: (1) short classroom presentations, (2) investigative case studies, (3) moot court simulations, and (4) end of semester local organized crime projects. Students reported that overlapping pedagogical approaches created varied opportunities to learn and think critically.     

以史为镜裨理行——论当下教育理论研究与实践中的历史感缺失

当下教育理论研究与实践中的历史感缺失已日益成为制约教育理论研究和实践健康发展的瓶颈之一。这种历史感的缺失主要表现为:(1)历史知识的缺失;(2)历史意识的缺失;(3)历史情感的缺失等方面。     

A historical analysis of electric currents in textbooks: A century of influence on physics education

The typical model of electric current which we present to students is one of electron movement between points at different potentials. The problems associated with this model of electricity have been the subject of much educational research, particularly with respect to the use of analogies. The water-circuit analogy, especially, has received considerable attention. Despite this, students continue to hold remarkably persistent alternative conceptions about the nature of simple circuits. Historically, the electromagnetic field theories of Faraday and Maxwell constitute important steps towards modern understanding of transmission of electric current along a wire. Textbooks from 1891 to 1991, however, reflect remarkably little change in their presentation of direct-current circuitry, most texts by implication portraying, in various ways, a fluid model which predates Faraday. Against this background, this paper describes the ways in which textbooks interpret historical developments for teaching texts and the time which may elapse before such developments have an impact in the classroom. It also highlights important issues relating to the intrinsic merit of contemporary textbook treatments of electricity and examines their importance with respect to classroom teaching.     

Teaching about thermal expansion: investigating the effectiveness of a cognitive bridging approach

Background: It is widely known that for many students it is very difficult to correctly predict how thermal expansion affects the appearance of a metal plate with a circular hole. Interviews with school teachers show that the source of this difficulty could stem from the fact that students’ internal visualizations of an arbitrary object’s thermal expansion often boil down to visualizing changes along one dimension only.

Purpose: In this study, we investigated how students’ mental models about one-dimensional expansion can be extended for purposes of running mental simulations about expansion along two dimensions.

Sample: To that end a pretest-posttest quasi-experiment has been conducted, with 100 students in the control group and 95 students in the experimental group.

Design and methods: Whereas control group students received traditional instruction with a focus on formal representations, in the experimental group the students were led to draw an analogy between heating of a straight rod and a circular rod of same length, whereby the internal structure of the rods was represented by springs.

Results: Eventually, it has been found that students from the experimental group were significantly more successful at predicting the effects of thermal expansion, especially within contexts of objects with holes.

Conclusion: Analogies and extreme case reasoning can be effectively used for helping the students to correctly transfer their mental models about one-dimensional expansion to situations that require reasoning about expansion along two dimensions.