Absorptive capacities approaches for investigating national innovation systems in low and middle income countries

This review article covers some of the founding literature that helps develop our understanding of the National Innovation System (NIS) concept. Subsequently, several versions of NIS, including system-functional approaches, are discussed and compared with narrow research and development (R&D) and market-based approaches. Finally, the article contends that the system-functional and other narrow approaches are limited in application to the developing low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Thus, it makes a case for more inclusive absorptive capacity approaches and explains how they might be more relevant in investigating the NIS of an LMIC. Such approaches suggest LMICs be strategic in building their innovation base and plead for strong local conditions (capacities) to produce knowledge as well as capture and improvise on incoming knowledge from abroad. The research is important as it provides insights into analyzing and capturing innovation processes in LMICs, which are prime candidates for development and innovation studies and practice.     

国家创新体系理论的八个基本假定

根据拉卡托斯有关理论体系的理论硬核及其保护带的论述,通过对国家创新体系理论八个基本假定的分析,进一步深化了对国家创新体系理论的认识。本文认为,国家创新体系是一种有关科技知识流动和应用的制度安排;这种流动是通过国家创新体系各组成部分的相互作用而实现的;这种相互作用在本质上是一种学习;国家边界对于这种科技知识的流动是有影响的;国家专有因素直接影响到这种科技知识流动的效率与方向;科技知识流动的效率和方向又直接影响到一国的经济增长实绩;国家创新体系也存在着制度失效问题;不存在国家创新体系的最优模式。     

国家创新系统中的连接性政策：概念与应用

当前各国通过构建国家创新系统提升科技能力,但实践的效果则大相径庭。为了解释这一问题,通过总结和延伸前人研究成果,本研究提出连接性政策的概念和分类框架,并通过政策文本计量方法分析了2001年至2015年我国连接性政策的现状与趋势。研究认为,连接性政策的实施是国家创新系统正常运转的一个重要条件。其次,我国创新系统已经较充分的使用连接性政策,在具体政策工具选择上较多使用“线性创新”工具。最后提出政策建议。     

When ‘national innovation system’ meet ‘varieties of capitalism’ arguments on labour qualifications: On the skill types and scientific knowledge needed for radical and incremental product innovations

The literatures on ‘varieties of capitalism’ (VoC) and ‘national innovation systems’ (NIS) propose very similar arguments about how firms require different types of labour qualifications to pursue strategies of radical product innovation (RPI), incremental product innovation (IPI), and product imitation (PI) respectively. Despite their similar lines of reasoning, however, the VoC scholars are concerned with the skill profiles of a firm's entire workforce, whereas the NIS proponents focus on the knowledge base of scientists. Given that both literatures have developed without explicitly taking the arguments of the neighbouring discipline into account, it is thus unclear whether they explain the same, or different, phenomena. Furthermore, both literatures propose firm level arguments but test them on the basis of macro- rather than micro-level indicators. This paper therefore asks: first, does micro-level evidence support the VoC and NIS arguments that particular types of employee skills and knowledge backgrounds of scientists are needed for different competitive strategies? And, if so, do RPI, IPI, and PI firms need to employ scientists in combination with a workforce having the respective qualifications, or is it sufficient if scientists or employees alone are adequately qualified. Quantitative analyses indicate that a particular mix of scientific knowledge combined with employee skills facilitate RPI, IPI, and PI strategies. The article thus concludes that - despite their similar reasoning - the VoC and the NIS literatures indeed describe different phenomena, without being aware of the synergies created whenever adequate employee and scientific qualifications are hired together.     

国家创新能力形成的系统动力学模型及应用

本文从分析国家创新能力形成机理入手,建立基于过程导向的国家创新能力概念框架。首先,通过将国家创新体系划分为载体、环境和成果三个子功能模块,绘制国家创新体系各要素间的一般因果关系图。其次,运用径向基神经网络模型对各个功能模块之间关系的基本假设进行检验,并在此基础上建立以政府政策对创新成果影响为主线的系统动力学模型。最后,通过向创新系统内输入延时、脉冲、阶跃函数,进一步探讨政府科技投入、人才培养、知识产权保护以及税收优惠等对国家创新体系产出的影响。     

中小企业创新与国家创新体系——基于中国1997—2008年中小企业政策的实证

基于国家创新体系下的创新政策框架,对1997—2008年中国中小企业创新政策的研究表明:中国国家创新体系中并没有给予中小企业创新活动合适的位置,这在组织结构、立法、金融资源、商业创新支持体系和人力资源政策方面都有所体现。中国创新政策的研究和制定更受到注重创新和知识创造的国家创新体系狭义概念的影响,以及中国"追赶使命导向"的技术政策目标导向,共同解释了国家的创新政策供给更偏向支持大型企业,倾向让中小企业面对市场规则,即中小企业创新活动游离在国家创新体系之外的这种局面。国家创新体系本身概念的发展和中国技术政策目标的不断调整将使这种局面得以改善。     

长三角一体化：文献述评与研究展望

在新发展理念引领下，长三角一体化作为国家战略已成为各领域关注的重要议题，但该领域研究却呈现碎片化、零散化状态。为了系统地分析长三角一体化研究的脉络、进展及空缺，对相关文献进行了系统化和结构化的梳理和评述，并提出了未来研究方向。首先，对长三角一体化的发展历程进行了总结，厘清了不同阶段的情境特征及其对长三角一体化发展的影响。其次，基于知识图谱分析，识别出长三角一体化不同阶段的研究热点和主题。最后，基于长三角一体化研究的阶段现状，从动力体系、赋能机制、协同与演化、治理体系4个方面提出长三角一体化的研究展望，以期推动相关研究的进一步发展。     

国家创新体系研究:理论与政策并行

摘要：起源于上世纪八十年代的国家创新体系研究一直被视为促进一国经济发展乃至提升国际竞争力的重要手段,尤其在全球化竞争日益加剧的今天,更为后发国家实现跨越式追赶提供了有效途径,其研究不仅引起学术界的广泛关注,也受到各国政府的高度重视。本文从国家创新体系研究的概念与理论起源出发,分别从理论与政策的视角回顾与梳理了国内外研究进展,并进一步指出研究中的争议与不足,以期为正处于转型时期的中国创新体系研究和实践提供有价值的借鉴。     

项目网络研究的理论体系构建与未来展望

由于对项目组织结构和关系研究的定量化、集成正式关系和非正式关系于一体、跨项目组织、社会网络和边界跨越等多学科的特点,从网络的视角研究项目组织和行为正成为组织理论的一门新学科。首次引入项目网络这一新概念,并对项目网络的内涵进行阐释。在对前人研究成果分析的基础上,提出以理论基础、研究方法和研究内容为核心的理论研究框架。其中,研究内容分为两大主题:项目网络本体论和项目网络作用机理。最后,对项目网络的未来研究进行展望,指出今后项目网络研究的发展方向。     

National innovation system in less successful developing countries: the case of Thailand

This paper, using Thailand as a case study, aims at understanding the national innovation system (NIS) in developing countries which are less successful in technological catching-up. In contrast to developed countries, the development level of Thailand’s NIS does not link to its economic structural development level. As Thailand moves from agricultural to an increasingly industrial economy, its NIS remains weak and fragmented. The mismatch between the two affected Thailand’s competitiveness and partially contributed to the recent economic crisis. Studies of NIS in countries like Thailand should focus on factors contributing to the long-running perpetuation of weak and fragmented NIS.     

The evolving nature of Taiwan's national innovation system: The case of biotechnology innovation networks

The dynamics of national innovation systems (NISs) are a source of considerable academic and policy interest, especially when to address new competitive challenges they involve changing institutions and relationships within successful systems. This paper examines the case of Taiwan which is embarking on a new phase in its approach to building its national innovative capacity through creating the infrastructure for a biotechnology industry. By examining the process and mechanisms by which new biotechnology innovation networks are being created, and contrasting their development with existing networks, we analyse the dynamics of Taiwan's NIS. The paper reviews the prospects for this new phase in Taiwan's transition from ‘imitation’ to ‘innovation’. The paper aims to add to the understanding of how innovation systems evolve. It is concerned with the contributors, processes and challenges of NIS evolution and the form and meaning of its dynamic changes.     

国家创新体系学术思想形成研究

国家创新体系学术思想有Schumpeter的创新学说和List的国家学说两大理论基石,通过对两种学说各自研究线路和主要内容的剖析和比较,探索各自在国家创新体系学术思想形成过程中所作的贡献,从而论证了国家创新体系是这两种学说交汇的产物;并指出正是由于这两种学说的交汇才产生了目前不同的学术认识和未来国家创新体系的研究趋势．     

知识经济时代的美国州级政府科技政策评述

美国各州政府近10年来普遍采纳知识经济的理念,大力支持研究型大学与产业界一道创造高新技术.以纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校的纳米科学与工程学院(CNSE)为例,分析了政府、产业界巨资支持的大学跨学科研究中心的社会网络,还剖析了州级政府制定科技政策时的各种利益博弈过程,以及州级科技政策改善国家创新体系的作用.     

模块重构:构建我国国家创新系统的新思路

运用模块和模块化思想，分析了我国国家创新系统现状，指出存在的问题在于创新系统演进模式不能适应经济全球化的需求。最后引入模块重构概念，提出了推进国家创新系统建设的新思路。     

Modeling the relative efficiency of national innovation systems

Although a large amount of past research has theorized about the character of national innovation systems (NISs), there has been limited process-oriented empirical investigation of this matter, possibly for methodological reasons. In this paper, we first propose a relational network data envelopment analysis (DEA) model for measuring the innovation efficiency of the NIS by decomposing the innovation process into a network with a two-stage innovation production framework, an upstream knowledge production process (KPP) and a downstream knowledge commercialization process (KCP). Although the concept of innovation efficiency is a simplification of the innovation process, it may be a useful tool for guiding policy decisions. We subsequently use a second-step partial least squares regression (PLSR) to examine the effects of policy-based institutional environment on innovation efficiency, considering statistical problems such as multicollinearity, small datasets and a small number of distribution assumptions. The hybrid two-step analytical procedure is used to consider 22 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries. A significant rank difference, which indicates a non-coordinated relationship between upstream R&D (research and development) efficiency and downstream commercialization efficiency, is identified for most countries. The evidence also indicates that the overall innovation efficiency of an NIS is mainly subject to downstream commercial efficiency performance and that improving commercial efficiency should thus be a primary consideration in future innovation policy-making in most OECD countries. Finally, the results obtained using PLSR show that the various factors chosen to represent the embedded policy-based institutional environment have a significant influence on the efficiency performance of the two individual component processes, confirming the impact of public policy interventions undertaken by the government on the innovation performance of NISs. Based on these key findings, some country-specific and process-specific innovation policies have been suggested.     

科技创新政策体系协调性研究1

国家科技创新体系是由政府、高校和科研院所、企业以及科技中介服务机构组成的复杂系统,政府通过科技创新政策解决系统的市场失灵和系统失灵问题,国家创新体系建设水平在很大程度上取决于科技创新政策体系的协调性。本文首先给出了科技创新政策体系的定义,分析了科技创新政策体系及其协调性的内涵;其次,在讨论了国家科技创新体系的协调性与科技创新政策体系协调性关系的基础上,分别从国家创新体系的科技创新能力的协调性和科技创新活动的协调性两方面分析了国家科技创新体系建设对科技创新政策体系协调性的需求;最后,提出科技创新政策体系协调性内容。     

创新系统研究30年:发展历程与研究展望

本文对30年来创新系统研究的发展进行了分析，涵盖了国家创新系统（NIS），区域创新系统（RIS），产业创新系统（SIS）以及技术创新系统（TIS）。文章按照创新系统研究的演化历程，分析了每个创新系统方法的理论起源，考察了引用最多的案例研究，分析了空间边界和分析单元，探讨了基本组成要素功能和分类方法，以厘清创新系统研究的理论体系，并在此基础上提出了每个创新系统研究方法需要进一步的研究。最后，对创新系统今后的研究进行了展望：加强创新系统方法的指向性和规范性导向；对创新系统分析框架内的最新方法进行整合，开展全球创新系统研究；加强对新兴经济体国家的研究，进一步证明创新系统理论在不同国家情境下的适用性。     

OECD国家创新系统研究及其意义——从理论走向政策

"从理论走向政策"是创新系统研究的重要趋势。本文以OECD"国家创新系统项目"为案例,分析该研究如何在深化理论研究的基础上,从理论研究走向政策研究。并探讨了这种研究对我国创新系统理论与政策研究的借鉴意义。     

Using peer-to-peer technology for collaborative knowledge management: concepts,frameworks and research issues

As organizations struggle with how to develop and use their inherent expertise, the importance of knowledge management and collaboration has grown in both academic and practitioner communities. This paper outlines a new concept of collaborative knowledge management (CKM), which bridges the two fields. Drawing from literature, we present a conceptual framework for understanding the concepts underlying CKM. Next, this paper explores how a new technology, peer-to-peer (P2P), fits in the CKM paradigm. A discussion on P2P tools and a comparison of these tools with client server tools for enabling the CKM process is presented. P2P has great appeal for CKM because it allows people to work in a more natural fashion. As technology and practitioners needs evolve, it is important to recognize the existence of various CKM levels in the organization. This paper outlines a framework recognizing five different levels. The final section of the paper identifies research themes concerning the use of P2P applications for CKM both within each of the levels and across levels.