Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery

An important goal of the athlete's everyday diet is to provide the muscle with substrates to fuel the training programme that will achieve optimal adaptation for performance enhancements. In reviewing the scientific literature on post-exercise glycogen storage since 1991, the following guidelines for the training diet are proposed. Athletes should aim to achieve carbohydrate intakes to meet the fuel requirements of their training programme and to optimize restoration of muscle glycogen stores between workouts. General recommendations can be provided, preferably in terms of grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of the athlete's body mass, but should be fine-tuned with individual consideration of total energy needs, specific training needs and feedback from training performance. It is valuable to choose nutrient-rich carbohydrate foods and to add other foods to recovery meals and snacks to provide a good source of protein and other nutrients. These nutrients may assist in other recovery processes and, in the case of protein, may promote additional glycogen recovery when carbohydrate intake is suboptimal or when frequent snacking is not possible. When the period between exercise sessions is < 8 h, the athlete should begin carbohydrate intake as soon as practical after the first workout to maximize the effective recovery time between sessions. There may be some advantages in meeting carbohydrate intake targets as a series of snacks during the early recovery phase, but during longer recovery periods (24 h) the athlete should organize the pattern and timing of carbohydrate-rich meals and snacks according to what is practical and comfortable for their individual situation. Carbohydrate-rich foods with a moderate to high glycaemic index provide a readily available source of carbohydrate for muscle glycogen synthesis, and should be the major carbohydrate choices in recovery meals. Although there is new interest in the recovery of intramuscular triglyceride stores between training sessions, there is no evidence that diets which are high in fat and restricted in carbohydrate enhance training.     

Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery

An important goal of the athlete's everyday diet is to provide the muscle with substrates to fuel the training programme that will achieve optimal adaptation for performance enhancements. In reviewing the scientific literature on post-exercise glycogen storage since 1991, the following guidelines for the training diet are proposed. Athletes should aim to achieve carbohydrate intakes to meet the fuel requirements of their training programme and to optimize restoration of muscle glycogen stores between workouts. General recommendations can be provided, preferably in terms of grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of the athlete's body mass, but should be fine-tuned with individual consideration of total energy needs, specific training needs and feedback from training performance. It is valuable to choose nutrient-rich carbohydrate foods and to add other foods to recovery meals and snacks to provide a good source of protein and other nutrients. These nutrients may assist in other recovery processes and, in the case of protein, may promote additional glycogen recovery when carbohydrate intake is suboptimal or when frequent snacking is not possible. When the period between exercise sessions is <8?h, the athlete should begin carbohydrate intake as soon as practical after the first workout to maximize the effective recovery time between sessions. There may be some advantages in meeting carbohydrate intake targets as a series of snacks during the early recovery phase, but during longer recovery periods (24?h) the athlete should organize the pattern and timing of carbohydrate-rich meals and snacks according to what is practical and comfortable for their individual situation. Carbohydrate-rich foods with a moderate to high glycaemic index provide a readily available source of carbohydrate for muscle glycogen synthesis, and should be the major carbohydrate choices in recovery meals. Although there is new interest in the recovery of intramuscular triglyceride stores between training sessions, there is no evidence that diets which are high in fat and restricted in carbohydrate enhance training.     

Fluid needs for training and competition in athletics

The diverse nature of the athletic events, together with the varied training programmes and individuality of athletes taking part, inevitably means that fluid needs are highly variable--between athletes, perhaps between training and competition, and with differing environmental conditions and degree of training and heat acclimatization. There are limited data from athletics on all aspects of fluid balance, but wherever possible we have focused on this information to draw conclusions. When appropriate, euhydration will best be ensured by consuming 6-8 ml . kg body mass(-1) of a sodium-containing fluid, or sodium-free fluid together with food, about 2 h before exercise. The individual sweat responses are so variable that athletes should assess their own individual sweat losses to determine if these are likely to be a cause for concern. The volume of drink that is consumed should never be so much that an athlete gains mass over an event, unless perhaps there is evidence that they began in a hypohydrated state. This may be a particular concern in the field events and multi-event disciplines when competition can be spread over a number of hours and when there are significant rest periods between activities.     

短道速滑运动员比赛中心理定向的培养

培养短道速滑运动员赛前良好的心理定向,能使运动员在比赛中处于较佳的竞技状态;培养运动员在比赛中不同的战术定向,能获得较好的比赛成果.短道速滑运动员赛后心理定向的培养,对其今后的发展起到至关重要的作用.     

"比赛训练法"与"以赛代练"的训练学阐释与思考

比赛作为竞技体育的重要组成部分,已逐渐发展成为运动训练的重要训练方法之一.但是,简单的"以练代赛"或"以赛代练",都是违反训练学规律的.因此,在我国部分竞技体育项目取得一定突破的情况下,需要从运动训练学科的角度认真总结训练方法的科学性问题,正确处理好"比赛"与"训练"的关系,这不仅是竞技体育的科学理论问题,更是竞技体育技术实践与管理的指导性问题."以赛代练",不是不练,提法的科学理解必须明确.     

“比赛训练法”与“以赛代练”的训练学阐释与思考

比赛作为竞技体育的重要组成部分,已逐渐发展成为运动训练的重要训练方法之一。但是,简单的“以练代赛”或“以赛代练”,都是违反训练学规律的。因此,在我国部分竞技体育项目取得一定突破的情况下,需要从运动训练学科的角度认真总结训练方法的科学性问题,正确处理好“比赛”与“训练”的关系,这不仅是竞技体育的科学理论问题,更是竞技体育技术实践与管理的指导性问题。“以赛代练”,不是不练,提法的科学理解必须明确。     

Fluid and electrolyte needs for training, competition, and recovery

Fluids and electrolytes (sodium) are consumed by athletes, or recommended to athletes, for a number of reasons, before, during, and after exercise. These reasons are generally to sustain total body water, as deficits (hypohydration) will increase cardiovascular and thermal strain and degrade aerobic performance. Vigorous exercise and warm/hot weather induce sweat production, which contains both water and electrolytes. Daily water (4-10 L) and sodium (3500-7000 mg) losses in active athletes during hot weather exposure can induce water and electrolyte deficits. Both water and sodium need to be replaced to re-establish "normal" total body water (euhydration). This replacement can be by normal eating and drinking practices if there is no urgency for recovery. But if rapid recovery (<24 h) is desired or severe hypohydration (>5% body mass) is encountered, aggressive drinking of fluids and consuming electrolytes should be encouraged to facilitate recovery for subsequent competition.     

Pre-cooling for football training and competition in hot and humid conditions

Abstract

Pre-cooling studies report positive physiological and performance benefits in laboratory conditions, although research studies have not investigated these reported benefits in ecologically valid team-sport training and competition settings. Accordingly, this study investigated the effect of field-based pre-cooling strategies for professional football players during training and competition in the heat. Ten professional football players from an Australian A-League club performed two training sessions and competitive matches in hot ambient conditions (29±3^oC, 78±8% relative humidity) with or without pre-cooling. The pre-cooling intervention involved 20-min of an ice-vest, cold towels and 350 mL ice-slushie drink. Training sessions (n=9) were randomised, and consisted of 2 x 10-min interval training, followed by 6 x 3-min of 5v5 small sided games. Competitions (n=7) involved official A-League matches during the 2009–10 season. Player movement characteristics, core temperature (gastrointestinal), skin temperature, nude mass, heart rate, capillary blood (glucose, K⁺, Na⁺, haematocrit), perceptual exertion and thermal stress measures were recorded. No significant differences (P>0.05) were present between conditions for any measure of physical performance, although moderate-large effects for a greater total and relative distance covered during training were present (d > 0.8). While mean skin temperature was reduced following cooling, core temperature was only lower until following the warm-up in training and was even less evident during matches (P>0.05; d < 0.6). However, a smaller change in mass (sweat loss) and reduced perceptual exertion and thermal stress were evident during training following cooling (d > 0.9), although again, to a much lesser extent in matches (d = 0.6). In conclusion, equivocal findings were present for the effects of pre-cooling for professional football players during competitive training and matches in the heat. However, performance and thermoregulatory response trends showed similarities to previous laboratory evidence. The field-based nature of the current study may highlight that the transfer of lab findings to field settings is difficult or the strength of the intervention is diminished by the settings.     

Fluid and electrolyte needs for preparation and recovery from training and competition

For a person undertaking regular exercise, any fluid deficit that is incurred during one exercise session can potentially compromise the next exercise session if adequate fluid replacement does not occur. Fluid replacement after exercise can, therefore, frequently be thought of as hydration before the next exercise bout. The importance of ensuring euhydration before exercise and the potential benefits of temporary hyperhydration with sodium salts or glycerol solutions are also important issues. Post-exercise restoration of fluid balance after sweat-induced dehydration avoids the detrimental effects of a body water deficit on physiological function and subsequent exercise performance. For effective restoration of fluid balance, the consumption of a volume of fluid in excess of the sweat loss and replacement of electrolyte, particularly sodium, losses are essential. Intravenous fluid replacement after exercise has been investigated to a lesser extent and its role for fluid replacement in the dehydrated but otherwise well athlete remains equivocal.     

Fluid and electrolyte needs for preparation and recovery from training and competition

For a person undertaking regular exercise, any fluid deficit that is incurred during one exercise session can potentially compromise the next exercise session if adequate fluid replacement does not occur. Fluid replacement after exercise can, therefore, frequently be thought of as hydration before the next exercise bout. The importance of ensuring euhydration before exercise and the potential benefits of temporary hyperhydration with sodium salts or glycerol solutions are also important issues. Post-exercise restoration of fluid balance after sweat-induced dehydration avoids the detrimental effects of a body water deficit on physiological function and subsequent exercise performance. For effective restoration of fluid balance, the consumption of a volume of fluid in excess of the sweat loss and replacement of electrolyte, particularly sodium, losses are essential. Intravenous fluid replacement after exercise has been investigated to a lesser extent and its role for fluid replacement in the dehydrated but otherwise well athlete remains equivocal.     

篮球规则在训练和比赛中的作用

通过对国内外82场男、女篮球比赛现场观察记录，采用资料查阅，对比分析篮球规则对运动员的进攻技术、防守技术、篮球战术以及对教练员的临场指挥中的作用，提出不断学习规则，研究规则，运用规则的重要性。     

竞技指导中实力与潜力、比赛与训练的辩证关系

对贯穿于竞技指导全过程的、具有最普遍意义的两对范畴进行了各自涵义的界定和相互关系的探讨，进而揭示了实力与潜力、比赛与训练的本质及其现实意义。     

心理训练在女子皮艇训练及比赛中不同阶段的运用

通过对参加2004年雅典奥运会女子皮艇主力队员心理现象进行研究,探讨心理训练在女子皮艇训练及比赛中不同阶段的运用问题,提出了心理训练的阶段划分、各阶段的主要任务及心理训练全程性多年训练结构模式,为女子皮艇训练及比赛提供理论参考.     

赛前训练的研究进展

赛前训练安排的好坏,直接关系到运动员能否在重大比赛中发挥出最佳竞技状态,取得比赛的胜利。通过查阅文献资料,综述了目前有关赛前训练的几个研究问题,包括:赛前训练的概念,时间安排,训练内容,训练的方法与手段,负荷安排和利用生化指标对赛前训练期运动员身体机能和训练负荷的监控。     

计算机技术在体育训练和比赛中的应用

对计算机技术在体育训练和体育比赛中的应用进行了论述,并对2008年北京奥运会中计算机技术的应用进行分析.指出在现代体育训练和赛事中,计算机技术已渗透到各个领域,并起着非常关键的作用.     

浅谈少年速滑运动员的赛前过度紧张与心理训练

心理训练就是使少年速滑运动员学会调节自己心理状态的各种方法，以良好的心理素质管理各项比赛，为创造优秀运动成绩做好各种心理准备。针对少年运动员的心理特征及影响他们赛前过度紧张的各种因素，提出了在训练中应如何提高心理素质和克服赛前各种干扰的心理训练和方法和手段。     

表象训练在田径竞赛中应用的研究

通过收集、整理并分析大量文献,详实阐述了表象训练的相关内容,全面了解表象训练有益于体育工作者开展科学研究工作,并达到不断提高运动训练质量的效果。     

青少年跳高赛前控制训练的实验研究

为了探讨跳高赛前控制训练这一课题，我们运用运动训练学的基本原理，采用随训跟踪的方法．对其进行了实验探讨，旨在摸索跳高赛前控制训练的一般规律，为青少年跳高的科学化训练积累经验。     

浅析山东沙滩排球队赛前体能训练方法

通过对山东沙滩排球男、女队在第十一届全运会赛前的体能训练研究总结,探讨了赛前体能训练的方法与内容,特别是对耐力训练和爆发力训练进行了详细的表述,阐明一般力量与专项力量的训练关系,同时对神经系统的传导训练提出了一些见解,为沙滩排球教练员赛前训练提供了有益的参考。     

学校业余训练赛前的调控因素分析

从揭示学校业余训练运动员在比赛中的竞技状态和存在的问题入手，分析阐述了业余训练运动员由于训练时间短，盲目的大运动量和大强度训练，加上生活紧张，营养补充不足等原因，容易产生过度疲劳，造成运动员在比赛中不能充分发挥的水平。并以此为依据，指出了学校业余训练运动员赛前调整的重要性和必要性，提出了适合学校业余训练运动队特点的赛前调整的三大要素。