Social interaction development among behaviorally handicapped preschool children: Research and educational implications

Literature is reviewed that documents the effectiveness of a behavioral approach for increasing the social behaviors of behaviorally handicapped preschool children. However, this literature also suggests that reciprocal interaction between target subjects and significant others seldom generalized beyond treatment settings. The importance of developing positive, reciprocal interaction has been well documented. The results of observational studies suggest that with respect to both quantity and quality of interaction, the child creates his own social environment. For example, the passive, withdrawn child is the more frequent recipient of social rejection than is the more socially active child; the physically aggressive child receives more hostile social bids from peers than less aggressive youngsters; and, of course, the child who initiates positive interaction with peers tends to receive more positive social attention than less socially adept youngsters. Thus, children's behavior patterns tend to set the occasion for that kind of social approach by peers that validates, in a sense, their own approach to peers. If affective education for young handicapped children is to become a reality, additional research is necessary to identify those response patterns that set the occasion for positive reciprocal interaction.     

The implications of size for educational development in small territories: The case of Macau

The educational issues associated with the small size of countries have long been neglected by administrators and academics. Recent work by the Commonwealth Secretariat has done much to remedy this neglect, but the topic is still in its infancy. This paper contributes to the body of literature by providing a specific case-study. By focusing on Macau, it also helps balance the bias of existing work, most of which concentrates on Commonwealth countries.

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Zusammenfassung Erziehungswissenschaftliche Fragen, die mit einer kleinen Ländergröße verbunden sind, sind lange von Verwaltungsbeamten und Wissenschaftlern vernachlässigt worden. Jüngere Arbeiten des Commonwealth-Sekretariats haben viel dazu beigetragen, diesem Versäumnis abzuhelfen, aber die Behandlung dieses Themas steht noch im Anfangsstadium. Dieser Artikel stellt einen Beitrag zur Gesamtheit der Literatur dar, indem er eine spezielle Fallstudie liefert, und dadurch, daß das Augenmerk auf Makao gerichtet ist, hilft er darüberhinaus, die Einseitigkeit bereits vorliegender Arbeiten, die sich überwiegend auf Commonwealthländer konzentrieren, auszugleichen.

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Résumé Administrateurs et universitaires ont longtemps négligé les problèmes éducatifs liés aux petits pays. Le travail qui a été entrepris récemment par le secrétariat du Commonwealth a contribué pour une grande part à pallier cette négligence, mais ce thème en est encore à ses débuts. Cette étude de cas spécifique apporte sa contribution à l'ensemble de la littérature qui existe sur ce sujet. En mettant l'accent sur Macao, elle permet également de rétablir l'équilibre dans les travaux existants qui se focalisent essentiellement sur les pays du Commonwealth.

     

外国文教专家心理契约管理探析

心理契约是外国文教专家和高校关系的重要组成部分,是联系高校和外国文教专家的心理纽带.文章借助心理契约的基本理论,提出何为外国文教专家的心理契约,分析在高校外国文教专家管理中构建心理契约的重要性,并探讨性地提出了高校外国文教专家心理契约的管理方式和途径.     

远程开放教育的心理特征

远程开放教育教与学的过程反映和展现了一系列心理现象,从心理学的角度揭示远程教育的心路历程,提出心理学原理在远程教育中的基础性、相关性、前导性和启迪性,对于开放教育研究具有原创意义。     

Why Teenagers Watch Television: implications for educational television

Few media producers have the opportunity to plan their productions on the basis of systematic research. In long‐term series planning, however, they should not hesitate to collect even quite simple data in order to assess their audience's tastes. The present paper outlines research into teenage viewing preferences undertaken prior to production of a series for CITY‐TV, Toronto. It summarises the information generated and illustrates the uses of a simple and informative research approach at the production level.     

加强心理健康教育 培养学生健全人格

随着素质教育的深入开展,心理健康教育越来越受到重视,《中共中央、国务院关于深化教育改革,全面推进素质教育的决定》强调素质教育要以提高国民素质为根本宗旨,以培养学生创新精神和实践能力为重点,中小学心理健康教育在培养21世纪创新人才中发挥着重要作用。     

Moral foundations theory and moral development and education

This article reviews studies examining the effect of professional education on ethical development. Most studies limit assessment to the measurement of moral judgement, observing that moral judgement plateaus during professional school unless an ethics intervention is present. Whereas interventions influence the shift to postconventional reasoning (the DIT P score), a more illuminating picture of change may emerge if researchers examined DIT profiles. More importantly, limiting assessment to measures of moral judgement ignores important aspects of moral functioning suggested by the Four Component Model. Assessment methods have been validated for sensitivity, reasoning, role concept and ethical implementation that could be adapted to provide individuals in a particular profession with a more complete picture of abilities needed for real-life professional practice.     

Evaluating individualized educational programs: A recommendation and some programmatic implications

The character of urban schools and the practices of school personnel have been influenced by a variety of sociopolitical factors. Currently, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (P.L. 94–142) is having impact on schools in general and especially on urban schools, which typically have many students affected by this law. This paper describes certain aspects of the law which have posed problems for schools, and makes suggestions about how such problems can be resolved. Schools are required to identify goals and to evaluate educational progress on anindividual student basis. This requirement can be met by using the Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) technique. Using an illustrative GAS-modified individualized educational program (IEP), advantages and disadvantages of this technique are discussed. Certain potential problems are identified and suggestions made so that administrators and other school personnel can be successful in their attempts to comply with requirements to evaluate educational progress in conjunction with IEPs.     

The politics of mourning in Cyprus and Israel: educational implications

This paper suggests the need for a critical analysis of the nationalization of mourning and its educational implications, especially in conflict‐ridden areas. Our thoughts are grounded in a comparative study on mourning that has been conducted as part of our long‐standing ethnographic research in schools in Cyprus and Israel during the last 10 years. Through this study on mourning, we highlight two ideas. First, we want to show how a comparison of our studies in Cyprus and Israel highlights the difficulties for alternative interpretations to be translated into educational policies and teacher practices in the absence of changes in political structures. Second, we want to show that despite the forces that nationalize mourning, there are educational openings for alternative interpretations about mourning and the encouragement of reconciliation pedagogies. To this end, the education literature on teaching controversial issues and examples of pedagogies for reconciliation might be relevant to provide concrete ideas for education theory, policy and practice on issues of mourning.     

Psychological foundations of instructional design for emerging computer-based instructional technologies: Part I

Computer-based instruction (CBI) has strong historical roots in behavioral psychology. In many cases, behavioral CBI is very effective in meeting instructional needs. Criticisms of CBI, centering around inadequate attention to higher-level learning, underline some of the shortcomings of rigid adherence to behavioral design paradigms. Recent advances in cognitive psychology have revealed alternatives rarely applied outside of experimental settings. Whereas both behavioral and cognitive influences are potentially important, few attempts have been made to extrapolate the contributions of both to the design of CBI. In this article, the contributions of behavioral and cognitive psychology to the design of CBI are reviewed and analyzed.     

Psychological foundations of instructional design for emerging computer-based instructional technologies: Part II

Although considerable research has been published concerning learning and cognition in general, little impact has been reported on the design of computer-based instruction (CBI). In addition, CBI designs have been influenced negatively by technocentric perspectives, where technological capabilities dictate lesson activities, rather than a more reflective view on the relationship among learner, learning task and performance requirements, and the selective use of media capabilities. Attempts to extrapolate the relevance of non-CBI research and theory to advance a comprehensive and integrated view of the design of CBI have been rare. An integrated meta-model derived from both CBI and non-CBI research and theory is presented in this article.     

Policy development and educational research: The Hungarian experience

Conclusions The interaction between research and politics is weakly structured in Hungarian higher education. Functions and roles are unclear, persons participating often change or combine different roles. The emergence of modern higher education politics in Hungary catalyzes the differentiation, professionalization and institutionalization of experts, advisers and consultants. National reform commissions provide a good framework to work out these roles. The small size of the country and the limitations of its academic resources, however, make this progress gradual and controversial.     

当代大学生心理素质的现状及教育措施

心理素质是衡量21世纪合格人才的重要尺度。作为培养高素质人才的重要基地,高校必须重视大学生的心理素质教育。文章试以大学生令人担忧的心理素质状况为切入点,深刻揭示影响大学生心理素质的外部因素和内部动因,并进一步探讨了建立和健全大学生心理素质教育机制的现实可能性。     

UNDP and educational development: An institutional policy analysis

The role of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in shaping educational development has been considerable. For more than half a century, the scale and reach of UNDP education projects have been significant, yet have not been adequately researched. For both UNDP and its precursors, the evolution of policies for development and for educational development is traced. UNDP's project priorities in education are considered, as is the role of UNESCO as a key implementing agency for UNDP. The rationale underlying UNDP's recent abandonment of education as a designated priority sector is also examined, as are its implications.     

学习时间的元认知功能及其对教育的启示

学习时间的元认知功能有两种,即监测功能和控制功能。学习时间的监测功能体现在学习者能够根据学习时间的多少来判断学习任务的难度,从而推断随后的测验成绩。学习时间的控制功能体现在学习者以监测为依据,通过分配学习时间来控制随后的学习过程,以便提高学习成绩。