技术多元化、标准化能力与企业创新绩效

本文通过我国汽车产业200家企业1996~2010年专利、标准与企业性质的面板数据,采用负二项随机效应回归模型,实证分析了相关和非相关技术多元化与企业技术创新绩效之间的关系,并检验了技术标准化能力对二者间关系的影响。研究结果表明：相关技术多元化与企业技术创新绩效呈正相关,技术标准化能力显著负向调节二者之间的关系;非相关技术多元化与企业技术创新绩效呈倒U型关系,技术标准化能力显著正向调节非相关技术多元化与企业技术创新绩效之间的正向关系。研究结论丰富了技术多元化与创新绩效关系的研究,为我国企业构建合理的技术多元化战略提供了理论指导。     

University spillovers and new firm location

This paper examines the impact of locational choice as a firm strategy to access knowledge spillovers from universities. Based on a large dataset of publicly listed, high-technology startup firms in Germany, we test the proposition that proximity to the university is shaped by different spillover mechanisms—research and human capital—and by different types of knowledge spillovers—natural sciences and social sciences. The results suggest that spillover mechanisms as well as spillover types are heterogeneous. In particular, the evidence suggests that new knowledge and technological-based firms have a high propensity to locate close to universities, presumably in order to access knowledge spillovers. However, the exact role that geographic proximity plays is shaped by the two factors examined in this paper—the particular knowledge context, and the specific type of spillover mechanism.     

The incidence of cross-licensing: A theory and new evidence on the firm and contract level determinants

This paper examines the firm and contract level determinants of the incidence of cross-licensing among manufacturing firms. It develops a simple stochastic theory explaining such incidence, which implies that cross-licensing, compared with unilateral licensing, is more prevalent between large and symmetric firms under a reasonable set of assumptions. We find strong empirical support to these implications, based on a new dataset of more than 1100 licensing contracts by Japanese manufacturing firms. We also find that the incidence of cross-licensing is higher when the contract covers only patent than when it covers only know-how, consistent with the theory. The licensing probability between two firms depends primarily on the size of a potential licensor, which, according to the theory, is consistent with the fact that a licensor is larger than a licensee on the average.     

Historical evolution of technological diversification

A positive relationship exists between national technological size and technological diversification across fields of innovative activity. This paper shows how the nature of this relationship has changed historically. There has been a downward structural shift in the cross-country size-diversification frontier since 1965—for any given size countries have become less diversified or more narrowly concentrated in their technological specialisation. One explanation is that international technology sourcing by MNEs has led locations to focus on what they do best. A supporting factor may be a rise in technological interrelatedness, which encourages focus upon a specific selection of complementary combinations.     

Measuring patent assessment quality—Analyzing the degree and kind of (in)consistency in patent offices’ decision making

We argue that consistent decision making in judging a patent's validity and basing this on its underlying technological quality are important elements of patent office service (“assessment”) quality. To understand which level of assessment quality patent offices (can) provide, particularly in new technological areas, we study the concordance of the European Patent Office's (EPO) granting and opposition decisions for individual patents. Using the biotechnology industry in the 1980s (an emerging patenting area then) as an example, we find no empirical evidence that the EPO provided maximal or optimal assessment quality as far as can be told from bibliographic indicators. We discuss research limitations and consequences of this first empirical analysis, and suggest ideas for refinements in future work.     

技术多元化、冗余资源与企业绩效关系研究

近年来技术多元化与企业绩效的关系研究越来越引起学者关注,然而以往研究在考虑技术多元化这种组合资源的方式时,忽略了不同类型组织资源的影响。本研究以资源基础理论为基础,实证检验了技术多元化对企业绩效的作用,并且探讨不同类型的组织冗余资源对技术多元化与企业绩效关系的调节作用。采用创业板316家上市公司2009年-2012年的非平衡面板数据来检验假设。实证研究发现非沉淀性冗余资源会正向调节技术多元化与企业绩效的关系而沉淀性冗余资源负向调节技术多元化与企业绩效的关系,但是技术多元化对企业绩效的影响不显著。实证结果表明企业在采用技术多元化战略来获取竞争优势的同时,必须考虑到不同类型冗余资源的作用。     

Public funds and local biotechnology firm creation

A long stream of academic literature has established that public funding towards research and development matters for economic growth because it relates to increases in innovation, productivity and the like. The impact of public funding on the creation of new firms has received less attention in this literature despite theoretical constructs that support such association. In the present paper we study whether indeed there is a relationship between public research funds and local firm births in the context of the U.S. biotechnology industry. In doing so, we introduce a number of changes that strengthen the robustness of our findings when compared with existing literature. These changes include a direct measure of research expenditures and a considerably lengthier longitudinal dataset which allows us to capture a structural relationship and not a chance event. We empirically demonstrate that increases in the level of research funding from the National Institutes of Health towards biotechnology associate with increases in the number of biotechnology firm births at the Metropolitan Statistical Area level. Further, we reveal that public funds towards established firms associate with local firm births considerably more strongly when compared with funds towards universities and research institutes/hospitals. We conclude the paper with academic and policy implications of the present work that highlight the complexity of factors that underlie the creation of local firms in high technology industries.     

技术创业企业知识创造过程及其影响因素

知识是企业获取持续竞争优势强有力的战略武器,知识管理日益受人重视。大量实证研究认为知识管理是一个过程,并充分肯定和强调知识创造过程的地位。本文以Nonaka提出的知识创造过程模型为基础,对知识创造过程中的四个环节(社会化、外部化、联合化和内部化)、知识创造过程的四个影响因素(能力、性格、信息冗余和领导等)以及对知识创造过程和组织创造力产生缓冲作用的任务特征变量等三个方面作了案例研究,进一步证实和拓展了Heeseok Lee和 Byounggu Choi 2003年提出的研究模型。     

技术多元化促进企业绩效的机理研究

技术多元化影响着企业产品创新战略的选择与绩效,但是既有文献并未对技术多元化影响企业绩效的机制进行研究,也较缺乏基于中国企业的实证分析。基于最新理论研究并结合实地调研结果,本研究从产品创新战略角度探讨了技术多元化对企业绩效的中介机制问题。研究结果发现,产品创新战略在技术多元化影响企业经营绩效过程中起完全中介作用,在技术多元化影响企业创新绩效过程中起部分中介作用。     

Does research organization influence academic production?: Laboratory level evidence from a large European university

The paper analyses scientific research production at the laboratory level. The evidence on which the study is based describes precisely the research activity over the period 1993-2000 of more than eighty labs belonging to Louis Pasteur University, a large and well-ranked European research university. The research organization of the labs is analysed by focusing on the characteristics of the research personnel in relation with the scores in two outcomes that are publications and patents. The paper proposes a five-classes typology of laboratories that highlights different styles of research organization and productivity at the laboratory level. It also studies the determinants of the publication performances of labs. We show how appropriate combinations of inputs in academic labs may be strongly associated to high publication performances. We find that combining full-time researchers and university professors in labs tend to preserve incentives. Highly publishing labs also patent. The size of the labs, the individual promotions, and the role of non-permanent researchers and of non-researchers are also underlined.     

科技型中小企业技术创新的管理研究

针对中国科技型中小企业存在的主要问题技术创新落后，结合技术创新理论，管理学原理及项目管理理论，把企业的生存与发展，看作是一个技术创新的过程，按技术创新进行的无后顺序，系统阐述了科技型中小企业，如何发挥其科技优势，避免劣势进行技术创新，旨在为科技型中小企业技术创新提供有力的理论指导。     

技术多元化战略与企业竞争优势关系研究述评

在基于知识与学习的新竞争范式下,技术多元化作为一类促进企业创新发展的新型技术战略,具有重要的管理价值,技术多元化与企业竞争优势的关系成为近20年来创新研究领域的重要方向。文章从技术多元化的概念、动因及模式出发,对技术多元化与企业竞争优势关系的理论、方法和实证研究的情况进行了述评,并指出了现有研究对管理实践的启示、存在的不足以及未来的研究方向。     

Cooperation in innovation activities: The importance of partners

This paper analyses the importance of cooperation partners for the development of innovation activities. We contribute to the literature on cooperation in innovation activities that seeks to identify the characteristics differentiating cooperative from non-cooperative firms by proposing a different approach to this problem. We distinguish firms according to their evaluation of cooperation partners in the development of innovation activities. We apply a probit selection model to account for the firm's decision to cooperate (or not). The data we use come from the Portuguese Third Community Innovation Survey. Our estimation results show that firms from high-technological industries, with higher levels of absorptive capacity and of innovation investment, who give importance to incoming spillovers management, and who cooperate with firms from the same group or with suppliers, place greater value on cooperation partners in the innovation process. Additionally, we also find that the factors influencing the importance attributed to cooperation activities are different from the ones behind the decision to cooperate.     

我国高新技术资源技术多样化与技术收敛分析

本文在前人研究的基础上分析了技术多样化与技术收敛的关系,认为技术收敛表现为技术的逆-多样化发展,并指出技术创新是技术多样化与技术收敛不断交替的过程。在此基础上,本文提出了一种分析技术收敛的实证方法 -网络图形分析法,并结合已有的实证方法分别从不同的角度分析了我国高新技术领域的技术多样化与技术收敛特征。在技术多样化层面,从技术领域的多样化角度看,其多样化排序为:ICT燃料电池核能源技术生物技术环境相关技术。从技术用途的多样化角度看,其多样化排序为:生物技术燃料电池环境相关技术ICT核能源技术;在技术收敛层面,我国高新技术资源不存在σ绝对技术收敛,但存在β绝对技术收敛,且以2.4%的速度逐步趋向稳态水平。在技术资源的跨产业收敛方面:H05K在ICT领域、A61P和C07H在生物技术领域、B32B、H02J、C02F和C07C在燃料电池领域出现了产业间的技术收敛现象。     

Investments in modernization, innovation and gains in productivity: Evidence from firms in the global paper industry

This paper examines the impact of investments in modernization and innovation on productivity in a sample of firms in the global pulp and paper industry. This industry has traditionally accounted for significant amounts of employment and capital investment in North America and Europe. In contrast to much of the existing literature which focuses on the impact of R&D and patents on firms’ performance and productivity, we examine data on actual investment transactions in four main areas: (i) mechanical, (ii) chemicals, (iii) monitoring devices and (iv) information technology. We find that firms that implemented a greater number of investment transactions in modernization achieved higher productivity, and these estimated quantitative effects are greater than the impact of standard innovation variables such as patents and R&D. Investment transactions in the information technology and digital monitoring devices imparted a particularly noticeable boost to productivity. These results are obtained after controlling for other firm-specific variables such as capital intensity or mergers and acquisitions. Thus, firms’ decisions to undertake investments in modernization and incremental innovations appear to be critical for achieving gains in productivity, compounding to form meaningful differences in performance, productivity and competitive position across firms in the longer run. For some of the traditional industries like pulp and paper, R&D and patents seem to be particularly poor indicators of innovation and, more generally, how firms go about achieving gains in productivity.     

What determines technological hits?: Geography versus firm competencies

The centrality of firms vis-à-vis regions underlines a general contrast between two models of producing innovations. This paper uses a new database composed of 4262 European chemical patents applied by 693 firms during 1987–1996 to compare the relative effect of firm and regional characteristics on the production of technological “hits” (highly cited patents). By using extensive controls, the main finding of the paper is that technological hits in the “traditional” chemical sectors are explained only by R&D intensity at the firm level and the scale of the research projects. Firm competencies, particularly technological specialisation, are still important in biotechnology. However, the distinct feature of the biotechnology model is that localised knowledge spillovers also matter.     

Diversification and hybridization in firm knowledge bases in nanotechnologies

The paper investigates the linkages between the characteristics of technologies and the structure of a firms’ knowledge base. Nanotechnologies have been defined as converging technologies that operate at the nanoscale, and which require integration to fulfill their economic promises. Based on a worldwide database of nanofirms, the paper analyses the degree of convergence and the convergence mechanisms within firms. It argues that the degree of convergence in a firm's nano-knowledge base is relatively independent from the size of the firm's nano-knowledge base. However, while firms with small nano-knowledge bases tend to exploit convergence in each of their patents/publications, firms with large nano-knowledge bases tend to separate their nano-R&D activities in the different established fields and achieve diversity through the juxtaposition of the output of these independent activities.     

Knowledge spillovers and firm performance in the high-technology industrial cluster

This paper attempts to empirically investigate the mechanisms underlying growth in Hsinchu high-tech clusters. We emphasize knowledge spillovers as one of the potential factors contributing to agglomeration benefits. This paper sheds light on the impact of external and internal spillovers on firm performance in Hsinchu high-tech clusters. The empirical results provide supporting evidence that the external R&D spillover is statistically significant in explaining net sales of firms in Hsinchu high-tech clusters.     

外部融资、企业规模与上市公司技术创新

本文运用Ordered Probit模型考察了外部融资、公司规模与上市公司技术创新之间的关系,并进一步探讨了外部金融发展和外部融资对于不同规模企业技术创新的影响差异。采用手工收集整理的广义技术创新变量来衡量公司的技术创新程度,通过对微观层面的2007—2010年间中国A股上市公司数据的实证研究,得到如下结论:更为便利的外部融资对于上市公司技术创新有显著积极影响,而企业规模和技术创新之间则呈现倒U型关系,金融发展和外部融资对较小规模公司的技术创新有更为明显的正向影响。     

Outside directors on the board and innovative firm performance

We investigate how outside directors on supervisory boards influence innovative activities of the firms they advise and monitor. Based on panel data on the largest German companies, the econometric analysis shows a positive influence of external executives on innovative firm performance, measured by patent applications. Differentiating between outside directors from innovative and non-innovative companies reveals that only outside directors from innovative firms increase patenting activities at the firms they advise and monitor. This effect increases with the technological proximity between the appointing firm and the outsider's home firm. Outside directors from non-innovative firms are negatively associated with the appointing firm's innovativeness. The results indicate that external executives with an appropriate professional background can provide valuable specific knowledge and expertise to the board.