对《政府采购协议》下中国保护本国产业和支持本土创新的建议

本文归纳了发达国家在世界贸易组织(WTO)《政府采购协议》的规则下,通过循序渐进开放本国政府采购市场、保留部分政府采购市场不对外开放、设定合理的门槛价和多种采购方式、制定供应商限制条件和补偿贸易制度,来保护本国产业和支持本土创新,营造提高本土创新能力的环境。我国在加入WTO政府采购协议后为保护本国产业,可以逐步、部分开放政府采购市场,设定较高的门槛价,充分利用发展中国家优惠原则保护本国企业,并将本土创新技术纳入技术和产品标准。     

Product architecture,organizational capabilities and IT integration for competitive advantage

Increasingly, firms recognize the strategic implications of front-end product design for improving total cost effectiveness. Computer-aided design (CAD) is becoming firms’ competitive weapon beyond its traditional function as a product design tool. Yet, it is unclear how the full potential of IT system, particularly the usage patterns of 3D CAD system, may be realized through organizational capabilities. This paper presents a model of IT system configurations and CAD usage patterns. Next, a typology of IT system configurations is presented based on (1) the degree of CAD integration between assembly makers and suppliers and (2) the structure of product design information (i.e., product architecture). The product architecture of four electronic firms illustrates that information integration through organizational capabilities is more important than IT investment itself. The findings suggest that a Korean firm accomplishes a greater level of IT integration compared to the other two Japanese firms and thus attain better market performance. This study offers valuable insight on effective IT integration strategy for competitive advantage in the global market.     

关系资本、双元创新与高技术产业主导设计

利用2004-2012年中国车辆标准数据和442家汽车企业专利数据，采用结构方程模型，实证检验了企业双元创新如何在标准联盟组合的关系资本与高技术产业主导设计间发挥中介作用。结果表明：在标准联盟组合的商业关系与高技术产业主导设计间，企业探索式创新和利用式创新均起到部分中介作用；在标准联盟组合的政治关系与高技术产业主导设计间，企业探索式创新起到部分中介作用，而利用式创新的中介作用不显著。研究结论为主导设计与网络组织理论提供了新的经验和证据，为国家和企业推动高技术产业主导设计的确立提供了理论指导。     

我国电子商务应用环境研究

通过对电子商务的生产要素、产业支撑、政策管理以及市场需求等应用环境要素的发育度、平衡度和协调度的分析,指出当前我国电子商务应用环境的特点：电子商务发展仍然依靠需求拉动,而政策支持、生产要素和产业支撑相对滞后.政府应重视基础设施和支撑产业的建设,企业则应充分参与市场竞争,促进市场分工的细化.     

Information Access in Africa: Problems with Every Channel

Every information channel within Africa is restricted. Limited budgets cause television stations to produce few shows of their own and to fill airtime with cheap American imports-imports that are often at odds with local cultural values. Book production is complicated by high production costs. The computer database industry is miniscule by U.S. standards. The World Wide Web opens a new forum for information access, but is complicated by high phone charges.     

Venture capital and the birth of the local area networking industry

Venture capital has played an important role in funding the development of a number of US high-technology industries. Economists and business scholars utilizing models based in traditional economics have studied venture capital from the perspective of investment decision-making. These models provide significant insights, and yet they do not explain the actual operation of venture capital. This case study of the creation of LAN industry utilizes a synthesis of the dominant design and social constructionist perspectives to create a more nuanced explanation of how the practice of venture capitalists operates to create firms and industries.     

协同JAC计划的订单处理信息系统的应用研究

随着汽车行业的竞争加剧,汽车制造企业对其零部件供应商提出了更高的配送要求。如何实现零部件产品的多品种、少批量、高效率的配送,也成为零部件供应商急需解决的问题。通过对安徽江淮汽车(JAC)订单信息流现状及其零部件供应商在订单信息处理过程中存在问题的分析,构建出协同JAC计划的订单处理信息系统,以实现企业快速、高效、准确地生产及配送,推动汽车行业的发展。     

Dominance in the prototyping phase—The case of hydrogen passenger cars

The notion of dominant designs refers to dominance in the market, hence the literature on dominant designs ignores the selection process that already takes place in pre-market R&D stages of technological innovation. In this paper we address the question to what extent pre-market selection takes place within an industry and how this may lead to dominance of one design over others before the market comes into play. Furthermore we study what selection criteria apply in the absence of actual market criteria. We do so through a historical analysis of design paths for hydrogen passenger cars.We argue that prototypes are used by firms in their internal search process towards new designs and at the same time as means of communicating technological expectations to competitors and outsiders. In both senses, prototypes can be taken as indicators of design paths in the ongoing search process of an industry.We analyzed the designs of prototypes of hydrogen passenger cars from the 1970s till 2008. A database is compiled of 224 prototypes of hydrogen passenger cars, listing the car's manufacturer, year of construction, hydrogen conversion technology, fuel cell type, and capacity of its hydrogen storage system. The analysis shows to what extent one design gained dominance and which strategies were adopted by the firms in their search processes.We conclude that indeed a dominant prototyping design has emerged: the fuel cell combined with high pressure gaseous storage. Actual and expected performance acted as selection criterion, but so did regulation and strategic behaviour of the firms. Especially imitation dynamics, with industry leaders and followers, is a major explanatory factor. Our main theoretical claim is that the selection of a dominant prototyping design is based on an interaction of sets of expectations about future performance of technological components and regulatory pressure that results in herding behaviour of the firms.     

旅游目的地消费者欺诈行为的博弈分析

现阶段我国旅游产业正保持着一个良好的发展势头,但是由于相关法律法规并不完善,造成了各地旅游市场秩序比较混乱,旅游产品供给质量参差不齐。尤其在一些旅游产业刚起步的地区,旅游行业内部存在不同程度的产品服务垄断、价格诈骗或者其他不正当竞争行为,对我国旅游业的发展造成了相当恶劣的影响。针对这种典型的"坑客"行为,从旅游地产品供给者之间、供给者与消费者之间的交互行为入手,通过引入博弈模型分析,从而得出了这种不正当竞争行为的成因,并对我国旅游市场秩序的规范提出了几点建议。     

中国彩电总装企业的技术学习

本从产品和工艺技术的角度，总结了中国彩电总装企业的技术学习行为及其特点，指出了总装企业主要是学习了产品的整机设计能力和装配操作技能，导致了总装企业较窄的知识基础，因此总装企业的“追赶”主要是专注于国内同质且可大批量生产产品的生产能力和国内市场份额的扩张，难以升级到高端和正在增长的差别化产品市场，因此，总装企业需要加强与国内供应商的后向联系，以创造更广和更多样化的知识基础，尤其在关键零部件和生产设备的生产和设计方面。     

Supply chain information capabilities and performance outcomes: An empirical study of Korean steel suppliers

This article discusses how supply chain information capabilities are instrumental to achieve performance outcomes. We identify critical components of supply chain information capabilities in terms of inter-organizational information system capacity and inter-organizational relational competency. In view of the high degree of industry concentration in Korea, this article presents and tests a research model using a sample of Korean steel suppliers. Empirical tests are conducted using the structural equation modeling, PLS (partial least squares). The results of this study suggest that Korean manufacturing (e.g., automobile, shipbuilding, construction, and mobile industries) are heavily influenced by the competitiveness of the steel industry in terms of supply chain information capabilities and performance outcomes—supply chain-level (i.e., supply chain flexibility) and firm-level performance outcomes (i.e., customer responsiveness and cost reductions). Future research may extend the findings of this study in other country contexts to accomplish both customer responsiveness and cost reductions through supply chain information capabilities.     

中国彩电总装企业的技术学习

本从产品和工艺技术的角度，总结了中国彩电总装企业的技术学习行为及其特点，指出了总装企业主要是学习了产品的整机设计能力和装配操作技能，导致了总装企业较窄的知识基础，因此，总装企业的“追赶”主要是专注于国内同质且可大批量生产产品的生产能力和国内市场份额的扩张，难以升级到高端和正在增长的差别化产品市场。因此，总装企业需要加强与国内供应商的后向联系，以创造更广和更多样化的知识基础，尤其在关键零部件和生产设备的生产和设计方面。     

服务化与产品创新：环境不确定性的调节效应

众多研究将服务化视为制造企业获取竞争优势的重要途径。然而,伴随着对商业模式过度创新的质疑和对硬科技的持续关注,服务化究竟能否促进产品创新并最终塑造长期竞争优势亟待研究。因此,本研究分析了服务化对制造企业产品创新的影响及环境不确定性的调节作用。基于中国239家制造企业的样本数据,研究表明：1）服务化与产品创新度之间呈U型关系;2）技术动态性和市场不确定性负向调节服务化与产品创新度之间的关系。研究结果有助于制造企业全面认识服务化作用,明确服务化对产品创新的积极作用和不利影响,根据不同的环境条件有效推进服务化实践。     

易逝性高科技产品分时间窗下回购契约研究

将易逝性高科技产品销售划分成两个时间窗,第一时间窗为正常销售,第二时间窗为零售商可选择折价促销或者回售给供应商,供应商提供的回购合同要同时约定回购价格和回购时点,不同回购政策会对高科技产品零售商、供应商以及整个采购系统产生影响。构建基于买方市场和卖方市场的回购采购机制,以及信息不完全对称条件下,让供应商说实话的回购采购机制,并设计算例间接证实该回购契约能够实现系统优化。     

共享单车的主导设计与标准之争

共享单车是近年来快速成长并带来巨大社会影响的创新产品。 这一研究以摩拜和 ofo 两家企业的专利组合为样本, 利用其 IPC 分类信息, 通过社会网络分析方法, 研究了共享单车行业的主导设计和技术标准之争。 研究发现, ofo 的专利组合聚焦于共享单车的锁具与控制系统, 而摩拜则涵盖了从车身和轮毂设计、传动、 制动、 发电、 包含定位和网络通讯功能的智能锁、 软件系统等完整技术领域。 尽管 ofo 率先开创了互联网共享单车的商业模式, 摩拜凭借专利组合优势领先形成了共享单车的主导设计, 并进一步影响了行业技术标准的确立。 但是, 智能锁及供电系统并未形成统一标准, 可能成为共享单车下一步竞争的焦点。 这一研究为新兴行业的创新战略提供了一些新的洞见。     

我国手机阅读研究现状述评

本文通过文献调研,从手机阅读基础理论研究、相关技术研究、手机阅读市场研究、图书馆手机阅读服务以及用户研究等5个方面对我国手机阅读研究现状进行了述评。指出各学者对手机阅读的基础理论已经基本达成共识,而其他4个方面尚有不少问题有待进一步的深入研究。     

用标准化提升区域产品市场竞争力的实证研究

本文根据标准化的学科发展规律，结合浙江区域块状经济的特点，尤其是浙江嵊州领带产业标准化工作的经验，提出了用标准化方法提升浙江区域块状经济中产品的市场竞争力工作战略：建立区域标准化体系；积极采用国际标准和国外先进标准。     

The second face of systems integration: An empirical analysis of supply chains to complex product systems

Systems integration encompasses both system design and management of supplier networks. We examine the “second face” of systems integration related to the organization and management of supplier networks. We analyze a unique dataset on the supply chains for three major U.S. weapon systems to examine how systems integrators balance the economies-of-scope benefits of general-purpose technologies and the benefits of horizontal supplier specialization. We show that horizontal specialization – an establishment’s focus on a particular market – differs with distance from the systems integrator. Systems integrators derive the benefits of specialization primarily (though not exclusively) from their direct suppliers, and they access general-purpose technologies from lower-tier suppliers. Some of the lower-tier suppliers themselves integrate complex subsystems, belying the image of the supplier network as a “production pyramid” with simple firms at its base. We further find that the supply chains of the three weapon systems that we study are dominated by facilities whose main line of business is in non-defense markets, because of the large number of lower-tier suppliers that serve commercial markets. This demonstrates the importance of the supply chain as a source of commercial-military integration, linking defense production to the wider economy and casting doubt on the view that there is a “wall of separation” that prevents the U.S. defense effort from gaining access to civilian technologies.     

基于第五媒体的手机图书馆服务研究

随着信息技术手段的不断创新发展,继传统四大媒体之后一种更理想的媒体——第五媒体已经诞生并迅速的被人们所接受。本文以第五媒体与图书馆服务结合的构想——手机图书馆为基础,论述了第五媒体成为主流媒体的趋势、手机图书馆的实现基础、手机图书馆服务构想等相关内容。     

基于智能手机平台的VoIP Callback设计与实现

在传统的语音通信业务中,被叫接听电话免费是各大提供商早就推行的一种服务,统称为回拨系统(Callback)。网络电话回拨系统(VOIP CALLBACK)就是运用接电话免费的特点让主叫方以非常低廉的资费获得较优质的语音通信服务的回拨系统。文章设计一款在智能手机平台上通过Wi Fi、GPRS数据传送呼叫信息形式的具备网络电话回拨功能的软终端和服务器系统,实现VOIP语音通信的低成本、低功耗和便携应用,为软交换的进一步研究应用抛砖引玉。