从晚清慈善事业的发展看传教士对近代中国现代化的影响

19世纪.传教士借助国家对中国的侵略压力,攫取了在华传教的特权,在中国进行传教、开办医院和学校等活动,虽然本质上属于文化侵略,但他们对近代中国现代化的过程却产生了一定的影响,尤其是慈善事业的开展在一定程度上推动了近代中国现代化的进程.本文对传教士所开展的一系列的慈善活动进行了研究,并分析了传教士对近代中国现代化的推动的影响和作用.     

1900年以前中国官员排斥基督教的原因探讨

鸦片战争之后,基督教传教士重履中土,极力发展教会势力。对此,大多数中国官员对基督教持有排斥态度。中国官员之所以排斥基督教的原因在于：其一,他们不喜欢传教士以强势的姿态进行传教;其二,中国官员们抱有文化上的优越感,严守华夷之辨的思想,反对基督教同化中国的行为;其三,中国官员们对教堂干涉词讼,侵夺其权利的行为心怀不满;其四,各地政府处理民教纠纷,往往采取“袒教抑民”的政策,官员们担心这样会导致民众对政府失去信仰;其五,官员们还担心基督教运动演变成民众造反运动。     

我国民间慈善事业的历史、现状及其发展对策

中国民间慈善事业的历史源远流长,从先秦开始即有慈善记录,宋代是中国慈善事业发展的第一个高峰,但官方色彩较浓厚;明清时期民间慈善机构有大规模发展,在江南经济发达地区其作用超过了官方慈善机构。新中国成立后,民间慈善事业在长达30余年中不复存在,其中既有国家包办社会慈善事业的制度原因,也有因公有制条件下的普遍贫穷导致民间无力涉足慈善。改革开放以后,随着社会经济的发展和贫富差距的扩大,民间慈善事业重新找到了自己的位置。当前中国发展民间慈善事业需要大力加强公民道德建设,需要政府放宽政策,需要法律支持,更需要引导广大民众的积极参与。     

清代慈善组织的信息披露机制

公众对慈善组织的信任是慈善事业正常运行和持续发展的前提。信息披露机制是慈善组织与民众建立信任关系的渠道,也是民众、政府监督慈善组织运行的手段。清代慈善组织的信息是通过征信录披露的。清代慈善组织信息披露机制包括三个部分：信息生成制度、信息披露方式、信息披露原则。通过信息披露制度的研究,我们发现信息公开的对象是民众、政府、其他管理者以及神灵。而征信录的编制和传送,在当时客观上形成了一个由内部监管、民众监管、政府监管、神的监管共同组成的慈善事业监管体系,这一体系有力地促进了清代慈善组织监督机制与信任机制的建立,促进了慈善事业的繁荣。     

来华传教士乡村经济活动研究(1840-1949)——以长阳担子山堂口为个案

晚清至民国期间传教士的经济生活同中有异,长阳担子山堂口依靠征收"养年"、"柴腊"钱以及经营地产形成了较为固定的经济运行机制,为学校和慈善事业以及教会的其他工作奠定了经济基础.而在学校管理和慈善工作中,外国传教士既依靠中国教徒进行运作,又广泛结交军政要入和地方官绅,为教会的发展寻求经济支持.     

来华传教士乡村经济活动研究(1840-1949)——以长阳担子山堂口为个案

晚清至民国期间传教士的经济生活同中有异,长阳担子山堂口依靠征收"养年"、"柴腊"钱以及经营地产形成了较为固定的经济运行机制,为学校和慈善事业以及教会的其他工作奠定了经济基础.而在学校管理和慈善工作中,外国传教士既依靠中国教徒进行运作,又广泛结交军政要入和地方官绅,为教会的发展寻求经济支持.     

谭维新与天主教开封教区

谭维新作为传教士到中国后,争取建立了开封教区,筹资兴建了理事厅街天主教堂,积极兴办教育、卫生和慈善事业,建立了培养本地神职人员的河南省总修院,抗战时期成立难民收容所保护难民,为天主教在开封的发展及社会改良出了贡献。     

试论近代来华传教士中国报道与研究对西方世界的影响

近代来华传教士对中国进行大量的报道与深入研究,并留下众多相关的西文著述,这些活动对西方世界产生重要影响。具体表现在为殖民者起情报搜集作用、为西方政府和差会等机构提供决策参考、对西方大众起到知识信息传递的作用、对西方宗教界与信徒民众起传教的鼓噪作用及对西方尤其是美国汉学的近代转型起推动作用等方面。深刻反映了近代传教士文化传播者与沟通者的角色属性;也折射出近代东西方文化交流的时代特征。     

清末教案的法律分析——以扬州教案为例

清末,西方传教士取得了在中国传教的权利。引发了很多教案。扬州教案就是其中一起有代表性的案件。在解决冲突中,英国政府和传教士,是按照条约规定来处理的。在法律上,传教是一项条约权利。清政府和普通民众应该予以尊重。即使清政府与士绅不认同基督教,也应通过修改条约的方式取消外国人的传教权,而不是煽动冲突,恶化中外关系。     

晚清山东慈善事业探析

晚清是山东慈善事业重要的转折时期。一方面传统的以养济院为核心的救济系统开始瓦解,民间慈善事业更加多元化、专业化,但由于经济水平有限,仍以临时性救济为主要特征。另一方面,受外国传教士影响,新的教会慈善组织开始发挥重大的作用,注重“教养并重”,取得了积极成效。这些因素促使山东慈善事业开始向近代艰难转型。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.