话语分析中语境的重要性研究

语言在人类的交际过程中有着重要的作用,但交际总是要在一定的语言环境中进行,这个语言环境就是我们所说的"语境"。语境在话语及英文翻译等方面的作用是不可忽视的。本文主要探讨语境在话语分析中的作用,进而认识语境的重要性。     

英语课堂话语的认知语境与交际效果分析

英语课堂话语,是指其在特定的对话环境和语境当中,要求交流双方在参与交流过程当中采取最理想的交流方式来达到一定的交流目的教学活动。通过对英语课堂话语的认知语境的主要特征进行研究分析及课堂话语的认知语境对教学效果的影响,从而给出设计课堂话语认知语境的具体措施和对策。     

Sentential and discourse context effects: adults who are learning to read compared with skilled readers

In a series of three experiments, we examined how sentential and discourse contexts were used by adults who are learning to read compared with skilled adult readers. In Experiment 1 , participants read sentence contexts that were either congruent, incongruent or neutral with respect to a target word they had to name. Both skilled and less skilled adults benefited from a congruent context, and were not disadvantaged by an incongruent context. Contrary to research conducted on children learning to read, skill level of the adult reader did not interact with context. Experiments 2 and 3 tested readers' ability to make predictive inferences. Again, all readers, regardless of skill level, provided evidence that they were making predictive inferences. This finding is inconsistent with research that has examined individual differences in college readers.     

情景语境对语篇连贯的影响

连贯是语篇分析中的一个重要概念,也是语言学研究的热门课题。本文依据现有理论,分析语篇连贯的概念和语境的具体内容,阐述情景语境对语篇的影响。通过对语料的分析,重点讨论情景语境对语篇连贯的具体作用。具体来说,本文从话题、交际双方的身份、交际场合三个角度阐述情景语境对连贯的制约作用。     

Pedagogic practice in company learning: the relevance of discourse

In discussions of work-based learning in anglophone countries, a relatively new question concerns different learning opportunities for differentially positioned novices in the workplace. Basil Bernstein relates learners’ positioning with respect to knowledge and within a community of knowers to variations in a discourse underlying and regulating the transmission. This article describes modalities of pedagogic practice in companies that give rise to such specific positionings of learners and discusses their relationship to a pedagogic discourse for company learning. It does so using the case of German company vocational education in the ‘dual system’, where a distinct macro-social pedagogic discourse underlies and regulates the transmission in companies. The data are drawn from problem-centred interviews with dual system graduates and analysed from a social-realist stance in relation to Bernstein’s ‘framing’. Although for Bernstein, who draws predominantly on school-based research, the control over ‘framing’ is always with the transmitters, this article points to instances of acquirers taking control in the data and traces them to the particular pedagogic discourse underlying German vocational education. The article points to further research possibilities with the goal of reconstructing, in a rule-directed way, an implicit discourse underlying company learning that lacks explicit macro-social discursive regulations.     

Vicarious learning from dialogue and discourse

This study examined learning in the domain of sentence parsing and syntax treediagram construction. The aim of the study was to assess whether subjects could learn vicariously from recordings of interactions between a previous student and a tutor.Four intervention conditions and a control condition were compared. Subjects in a dialogue group (DL) read printed tutorial notes and subsequently vicariously viewed dynamic (animated) recordings of tree diagrams being constructed by a previous student in the presence of a tutor.The discourse (DI) condition was similar except that subjects viewed recordings of tree diagrams being constructed by a tutor who concurrently verbalised instructional discourse.In a third condition (DO), subjects viewed tree-diagram construction animation clips which were not annotated with either dialogue or discourse. In a linear text (LT) condition, subjects were given only printed tutorial notes. A control (CO) condition involved pre and post testing without any intervention.Results indicated that the dialogue condition was as effective as the discourse condition. This provides support for contention that re-usable dialogue is a useful resource for the vicarious learner. Another finding was that un-annotated animated diagrams were surprisingly effective. Several reasons for their effectiveness are suggested from the literature on instructional animations.     

Hybrid discourse practice and science learning

In this article, we report on a study of how creative linguistic practices (which we call hybrid discourse practices) were enacted by students in a fifth-grade science unit on barn owls and how these practices helped to produce a synergistic micro-community of scientific practice in the classroom that constituted a fertile space for students (and the teacher) to construct emergent but increasingly legitimate and dynamic disciplinary knowledges and identities. Our findings are important for the ways in which they demonstrate (a) how students use hybrid discourse practices to self-scaffold their work within complex curricular tasks and when they are not completely sure about how to enact these tasks (b) how hybrid discourse practices can promote inquiry orientations to science, (c) how hybrid discourse practices index new and powerful forms of science pedagogy, and (d) how hybrid discourse practices are relevant to more global issues such as the crucial roles of language fluency and creativity, which are known prerequisites for advanced science learning and which aid students in developing skills that are necessary for entry into science and technology careers.     

职场语境下两性话语的“双性化”趋向探究

传统的性别语言研究往往集中在差异的探讨上,忽视了具体的话语情境。本文将从职场这一特殊的语境出发,探讨两性语言在工作场合中的变异及其社会根源,从而为跨性别交际提出良好的建议。     

Classroom discourse: teaching,learning, and learning disabilities

This study examined teacher–student discourse from a sociocultural perspective in order to ascertain the nature of effective instruction for school-age students with learning disabilities. This discussion examines one teacher's resource room instruction that was part of a larger study of teacher–student discourse. The results suggested two considerations: (1) the importance of teacher self-reflection and the implications for effective teaching and learning, and (2) differential discourse patterns across academic domains. Wood's notion of contingent teaching (1991) provided a guideline for coding teacher–student discourse. The results suggest that feedback combined with cognitive structuring contribute to effective teaching and learning.     

From authoritative discourse to internally persuasive discourse: discursive evolution in teaching and learning the language of science

Learning science interpreted in existing theoretical frameworks often means that students are assimilated, accommodated or enculturated from the entity of the vernacular world to the entity of the scientific world. However, there are some unsolved questions as to how students can best learn purely a new language or new knowledge of science. The purpose of this study is to conduct microanalysis of moment-to-moment interactions in order to understand how science language is taught and learned in details. Informed by Bakhtin’s dialogism, the analysis indicates that learning science is a process of appropriating authoritative discourse into internally persuasive discourse. Based on our analysis and findings, we propose the framework of discursive evolution to describe the process of teaching and learning the language of science. Four different stages of discursive evolution are identified to demonstrate the discursive changes during the course of science teaching and learning discourse: (a) using deictic references to connect scientific terminologies, (b) understanding science terminologies through its derivatives, (c) communicating science practices conventionally through science terminologies, and (d) communicating science practices innovatively through mutated science terminologies. The findings suggest that science teaching and learning comprise a heterogeneous process which draws on both science and non-science language and is a constantly evolving process. Understanding teaching and learning as a heterogeneous and constantly evolving process allows us to reunite the roles of teachers and students as mutually responsible collaborators rather than science knowledge givers and consumers.     

Evaluating learning technology content with discourse analysis

The researcher combined qualitative media analysis with tools for discourse analysis to review Blackboard Collaborate?, a tool often used in online education. Technology design references Discourses which dictate how and why these tools should be used. The analysis showed Collaborate? uses sign systems and knowledge, along with politics, to reinforce a traditional educational Discourse. Educators should be aware of embedded Discourses to effectively incorporate technology into their practice, and designers should consider such Discourses during development. This paper describes discourse analysis as one approach to evaluating technology with regards to affordances for, and constraints to, teaching and learning.     

Adolescent egocentrism in a learning context

Abstract

Imaginary audience, personal fable, and over-estimation of responsibilities are typical characteristics of egocentric behaviour during adolescence. The aim of the research was to establish how these egocentric characteristics manifest themselves in a learning context. An empirical investigation was carried out involving 316 learners from Grade 8 to 12. A questionnaire was adapted to measure egocentrism in a learning context. Significant negative correlations were found between academic achievement and egocentrism in a learning context. It is possible that as much as 17% of the variance in academic achievement can be explained by the egocentric behaviour of adolescents. No gender differences could be established. From the results it can be concluded that Grade 12 learners are more inclined to egocentric behaviour in a learning context compared to learners in Grade 8 and 9.     

Cooperative learning in an African context

In Africa there has really been no historical development of cooperative learning because of the influence of missionary and colonial education in establishing a Western form of schooling. This is why a discrepancy exists between African culture, which may be seen as defining some form of cooperative learning, and the present school culture. The new philosophy of African socialism has not markedly permeated the schools or methods of classroom teaching. Cooperative learning has special significance for South Africa, but its implementation is hardly possible because of serious educational inequalities which have to be redressed first. Nevertheless, the building of positive relations between Black and White youth has occurred with a cooperative learning approach developed by the author and used in non-formal settings.     

Student-centered learning: context needed

Six scholars provide their perspectives in response to Lee and Hannafin’s (Educational Technology Research and Development 64: 707–734, 2016) article describing the Own It, Learn It, Share It design framework. The framework combines constructivist, constructionist, and self-determination theories to address student-centered learning.

     

Rethinking online discourse: Improving learning through discussions in the online classroom

As colleges continue to expand online offerings, student participation within courses should be assessed to ensure that teachers can best implement effective, responsible lesson plans. This study examined discourse in an online classroom in order to gauge student participation by observing student-to-student and student-to-instructor exchanges within the discussion board. Classroom discourse was analyzed using Stahl’s computer supported collaborative learning methodology. Data was collected to assess development of classroom dialogue through group collaboration, and to determine whether participants were interpreting previous posts and contributing to the development of the discussion topic. This study shows that students within the online classroom were able to construct deeper meanings in classroom dialogues through thoughtful and personal contributions, thereby reaching new understandings through collaborative discussion. This study contends that through insightful planning and guided responses, instructors can manage online classroom discussions to better direct student communications in order to improve collaborative learning and knowledge construction.     

Sound symbolic word learning in written context

Sound symbolism is the notion that the relation between word sounds and word meaning is not arbitrary for all words, but rather there is a subset of words in the world’s languages for which sounds and their symbols have some degree of correspondence. This research investigates sound symbolism as a possible means of gaining semantic knowledge of unknown words within written context. Two studies assessed adults’ expressive knowledge of word meanings for sound symbolic and non-sound symbolic obsolete words. These words were presented in varying types of contextual surroundings: no context, varied context, unhelpful context, and helpful context. In each study, participants were able to generate more correct definitions for sound symbolic words compared to non-sound symbolic words. It is concluded that sound symbolism is a word property which influences the learning of unknown words.