Augmented Reality in Education and Training

There are many different ways for people to be educated and trained with regard to specific information and skills they need. These methods include classroom lectures with textbooks, computers, handheld devices, and other electronic appliances. The choice of learning innovation is dependent on an individual’s access to various technologies and the infrastructure environment of a person’s surrounding. In a rapidly changing society where there is a great deal of available information and knowledge, adopting and applying information at the right time and right place is needed to main efficiency in both school and business settings. Augmented Reality (AR) is one technology that dramatically shifts the location and timing of education and training. This literature review research describes Augmented Reality (AR), how it applies to education and training, and the potential impact on the future of education.     

增强现实教育应用:潜力、主题及挑战

增强现实作为一种新兴技术,被广泛应用于医疗、娱乐、科技等领域。然而,增强现实在教育领域的应用还处于初级阶段,文章对增强现实教育应用的潜力、聚焦主题、挑战等问题进行探讨。文章认为,增强现实聚焦的主题为教育资源研究、教育游戏研究、基于设计的学习;其价值在于创设学习环境、提升学习成效、创新教学方法、提升交互效果;其挑战来自于教师层面、技术层面、教学效果层面、教学资源层面等。     

Student Perceptions of Industrial Chemistry Classroom Learning Environments

This article describes a study conducted in Israel which focused on how learning industrial chemistry case studies affects students' perceptions of their classroom learning environment and their interest in chemistry studies. The goal of the study was to determine the effects of industrial case studies on students' perceptions of chemistry in general, and industrial chemistry in particular. Information on students' perceptions was gathered from a learning environment inventory specifically developed for this study. It was observed that industrial chemistry case studies helped in providing students with a relevant picture of chemistry in general and their chemistry studies in particular. It was also found that teachers who had attended an intensive training workshop were the most successful in presenting the relevance of chemistry in the case studies. These teachers also were more successful in raising students' awareness of the social implications of chemistry studies. Furthermore, their students had a better awareness of the contribution made by chemistry studies to their preparation as future citizens and for a possible career in chemistry. These findings have important implications for any decisions about whether to make industrial chemistry case studies obligatory for students who major in chemistry. There are further implications regarding the content and learning strategies to be used for the professional development of science teachers in general and chemistry teachers in particular. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Enhancement of Anatomical Education Using Augmented Reality: An Empirical Study of Body Painting

Students in undergraduate premedical anatomy courses may experience suboptimal and superficial learning experiences due to large class sizes, passive lecture styles, and difficult-to-master concepts. This study introduces an innovative, hands-on activity for human musculoskeletal system education with the aim of improving students’ level of engagement and knowledge retention. In this study, a collaborative learning intervention using the REFLECT (augmented reality for learning clinical anatomy) system is presented. The system uses the augmented reality magic mirror paradigm to superimpose anatomical visualizations over the user’s body in a large display, creating the impression that she sees the relevant anatomic illustrations inside her own body. The efficacy of this proposed system was evaluated in a large-scale controlled study, using a team-based muscle painting activity among undergraduate premedical students (n = 288) at the Johns Hopkins University. The baseline knowledge and post-intervention knowledge of the students were measured before and after the painting activity according to their assigned groups in the study. The results from knowledge tests and additional collected data demonstrate that the proposed interactive system enhanced learning of the musculoskeletal system with improved knowledge retention (F_(10,133) = 3.14, P < 0.001), increased time on task (F_(1,275) = 5.70, P < 0.01), and a high level of engagement (F_(9,273) = 8.28, P < 0.0001). The proposed REFLECT system will be of benefit as a complementary anatomy learning tool for students.     

基于虚似现实的三维场景建模的可视化实现

本文从虚拟现实的角度，运用OpenGL技术以三维图形建模予以探讨，给出了类的设计，并应用该理论实现了三维虚拟场景的可视化。     

增强现实交互技术在工程教育中的研究与应用

当前在数字化工程教育领域,尽管交互技术已取得了较大发展,但在教育领域,已有的自适应学习交互大多以数据驱动方式筛选教学材料。一方面,需要较多的数据来判断用户的需求;另一方面,容易忽视学习的积极性对辅助教学的影响。为此,基于增强现实技术,文章提出了一种将学习风格模型结合数据驱动系统的方法。首先通过学习风格索引问卷的调查判断学习风格,而后根据学生的使用偏好调整系统界面并推送自适应的教学材料。该方法参考学习过程中收集的数据,摸索出学生的学习风格和使用喜好,进而逐渐优化教学交互系统。这不仅激发了学生的学习热情,而且使得工程教育的学习效率得到了提高。     

Student Perceptions of Chemistry Laboratory Learning Environments, Student–Teacher Interactions and Attitudes in Secondary School Gifted Education Classes in Singapore

This study investigated the chemistry laboratory classroom environment, teacher–student interactions and student attitudes towards chemistry among 497 gifted and non-gifted secondary-school students in Singapore. The data were collected using the 35-item Chemistry Laboratory Environment Inventory (CLEI), the 48-item Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI) and the 30-item Questionnaire on Chemistry-Related Attitudes (QOCRA). Results supported the validity and reliability of the CLEI and QTI for this sample. Stream (gifted versus non-gifted) and gender differences were found in actual and preferred chemistry laboratory classroom environments and teacher–student interactions. Some statistically significant associations of modest magnitude were found between students' attitudes towards chemistry and both the laboratory classroom environment and the interpersonal behaviour of chemistry teachers. Suggestions for improving chemistry laboratory classroom environments and the teacher–student interactions for gifted students are provided.     

Development of an Augmented Reality Game to Teach Abstract Concepts in Food Chemistry

One of the most pressing issues for many land grant institutions is the ever increasing cost to build and operate wet chemistry laboratories. A partial solution is to develop computer‐based teaching modules that take advantage of animation, web‐based or off‐campus learning experiences directed at engaging students’ creative experiences. We used the learning objectives of one of the most difficult topics in food chemistry, enzyme kinetics, to test this concept. Students are apprehensive of this subject and often criticize the staid instructional methods typically used in teaching this material. As a result, students do not acquire a useful background in this important subject. To rectify these issues, we developed an interactive augmented reality application to teach the basic concepts of enzyme kinetics in the context of an interactive search that took students to several locations on campus where they were able to gather raw materials and view videos that taught the basics of enzyme kinetics as applied to the production of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). The students needed this background to prepare for a mock interview with an HFCS manufacturer. Students and instructors alike found the game to be preferable to sitting in a classroom listening to, or giving, a PowerPoint presentation. We feel that this use of gaming technology to teach difficult, abstract concepts may be a breakthrough in food science education and help alleviate the drain on administrative budgets from multiple wet labs.     

用Java3D实现Web虚拟现实的研究与实践

阐述了Java3D在实现Web桌面级虚拟现实中的各种优点，并结合大学物理虚拟实验的开发实例，详细介绍了Java3D技术的开发流程，其中包括实验场景图绘制、建立横型及界面设计与交互实现等。     

增强现实教育应用产品研究概述

增强现实技术是在虚拟现实的基础上发展起来的一种新兴技术,它将虚拟信息叠加到真实环境中,实现了虚拟对象与真实环境的结合。通过阐述增强现实技术的概念、特点及教育优势,文章着重介绍了2010~2016年间国内外增强现实教育应用产品的新进展,进而分析了其在技术开发、功能设计等方面所呈现的新特点,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

沉浸式增强现实与高等教育的融合探索

在工业4.0的未来,数字化越来越日常化,技术将是互动、学习和获取知识的重要组成部分。教育和职业、生活等各个领域将会迎来新的要求和新的挑战,那么我们的高等教育也将应与之相适应。增强现实(AR)技术是人们好奇的新技术之一,AR在未来将为教育提供重要的贡献。文章从增强现实的概念、软硬件应用程序、现有教育中的应用来分析增强现实在高等教育中的融合应用。     

Comparing Faculty and Student Perceptions Regarding Factors That Affect Student Retention in Online Education

This qualitative study compared faculty and student perceptions regarding factors that affect student retention in online courses in an attempt to more effectively address the problem of attrition. A grounded study method was used to interview students taking online courses, analyze their responses related to the critical factors that affect student retention, and compare them with those given by expert online faculty documented by Gaytan (2013). Among the various findings, two are considered critical: online students would like to receive more instruction from their professors and more comprehensive feedback that would allow them to engage in corrective behaviors to improve performance. Comparing faculty and student responses related to the factors that affect student retention could give online program administrators and faculty advisors a better understanding of these critical factors to be able to respond to the student retention challenge more effectively.     

Using Augmented Reality and Virtual Environments in Historic Places to Scaffold Historical Empathy

The authors explore how 3D visualizations of historical sites can be used as pedagogical tools to support historical empathy. They provide three visualizations created by a team at Virginia Tech as examples. They discuss virtual environments and how the digital restoration process is applied. They also define historical empathy, explain why it is important, and discuss how it is taught.     

Augmented Reality in Design Education: Landscape Architecture Studies as AR Experience

The rapid and ongoing development of digital technologies continues to create new opportunities for education. Over the last decade this has enabled the establishment of blended learning approaches and online education. More recently, Augmented Reality (AR) has emerged as a unique technology that can transform learning experiences across diverse disciplines. This article outlines the development of an AR prototype, Master of Time, which was created to educate first year students and non‐designers on the foundational principles of landscape architecture. This study examines the learning potential and benefits of AR technology with a focus on creating new practices in digital storytelling across situated experiences. In outlining project outcomes, the authors propose a series of critical design principles, strategies and methodologies for educators to apply when developing AR learning experiences across disciplines. Included within this is a framework for transdisciplinary and co‐design collaboration, which is essential for educators working in the forefront of learning technologies.     

Exploring Differences in Student Learning and Behavior Between Real-life and Virtual Reality Chemistry Laboratories

Recent global events and educational trends have led schools to heavily rely on digital media to educate their students. Science classes, in particular, stand to lose substantial learning opportunities without the ability to provide physical laboratory experiences. Virtual reality (VR) technology has the potential to resolve this issue, but little is known if VR environments can produce similar results to real-life (RL) science learning environments. This 2?×?1, between-subjects study compares students’ learning results and safety behaviors in VR and RL chemistry laboratories. The study attempts to identify differences in learning experience (i.e., general chemistry content, experiment comprehension, laboratory safety knowledge) and laboratory safety behavior. Results indicate learning general content knowledge, laboratory skills, and procedure-related safety behaviors were comparable between RL and VR conditions, but clean-up behaviors were less frequent in VR. Also, the exploratory, risk-free nature of VR environments may have allowed the learners to elaborate and reflect more on general chemistry content and laboratory safety knowledge than in the RL environment.

     

基于智能手机的Vuforia+Unity3D增强现实技术方案及其教育应用

增强现实技术可以实现现实与虚拟的交互,大幅增加展示的沉浸感,故迅速走向大众化并在教育领域得到了一定程度的应用。在此背景下,文章基于AR技术实现的硬件、软件分析,提出了基于智能手机的Vuforia+Unity3D增强现实技术方案,并分析了该方案的优点。同时,文章以"岭南佳果"为例,依托该方案开发了物体识别的增强现实移动应用,具体展示了该方案的教育应用。     

Student Perceptions of a Secondary Postgraduate Certificate in Education Course

ABSTRACT

Recent proposals by the British government to radically reform initial teacher education have generated responses from both higher education and schools. The views of student teachers concerning their levels of satisfaction with current training have not been widely reported. This paper redresses the balance by collecting information from 122 Postgraduate Certificate of Education students who trained at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom, in 1989 and 1990. Their responses are analysed in the context of the proposals for secondary courses which have moved from a recommendation that 80% should be school‐based to one which requires students to spend 24 out of 36 weeks in school. There is also reflection upon the arguments for reform put forward by various right wing institutions and individuals.     

Construct3D: A Virtual Reality Application for Mathematics and Geometry Education

Construct3D is a three dimensional geometric construction tool based on the collaborative augmented reality system Studierstube. Our setup uses a stereoscopic head mounted display (HMD) and the Personal Interaction Panel (PIP) - a two-handed 3D interaction tool that simplifies 3D model interaction. Means of application in mathematics and geometry education at high school as well as university level are being discussed. A pilot study summarizes the strengths and possible extensions of our system. Anecdotal evidence supports our claim that the use of Construct3D is easy to learn and encourages experimentation with geometric constructions.