在供水中变频调速水泵的合理选择

变频调速水泵供水设备是很有发前景的节能设备，但它的前提是必须运行于高效率区内，如果对水泵选择不当，使水泵的运行大部分都处于高效率区之外，那么就体现不出变频调速供水设备的节能优势．为此，本文从离心泵叶轮的相似定律入手，对如何使变频调速水泵及定速泵处于高效率区工作进行了分析．提出了合理选用成套变频调速供水设备时，应对其配套水泵结合变频调速设定的恒压值进行核算，必要时更换配套水泵，以保证它的节能特点．并在本文中提出了需注意的问题和进行核算的方法．     

电机实验中稳恒负载的实现

在电机实验中,转矩和转速的测试是非常关键的.转矩和转速的测试与负载有直接关系.在大多数电机实验中,负载是利用直流发电机接电阻或者是利用交流异步电机的能耗制动来实现的,也有使用电磁涡流制动器来实现的,这3种负载的转矩都是随转速变化的,这使转矩和转速的测试很不方便.针对这种情况,文章采用磁粉制动器作为负载,实验中发现磁粉制动器的转矩随着转速变化也有变化.为此,该文在磁粉制动器的励磁回路中设计了一闭环调节器,实现了稳恒负载.这给电机实验带来了很大的方便.     

Performance evaluation of a micro turbo-expander for application in low-temperature solar electricity generation

A micro turbo-expander capable of high working speed was specially manufactured for use in an organic Rankine cycle (ORC). A series of tests were executed to examine the performance of the machine. In the experiment, the machine was tested under different inlet pressure conditions (0.2–0.5 MPa). Data such as the compressed air pressure, temperatures of the inlet and the outlet, rotational speed, and electric power generation were analyzed to discover underlying relationships. During the test, the rotational speed of the machine reached as high as 54 000 r/min, the peak value of the temperature drop between the inlet and the outlet reached 42 °C, the maximum electric power generated by the motor-generator attached to the machine reached 630 W, and the efficiency of the machine reached 0.43.     

LCL-S型ICPT系统输出电压特性分析与设计

针对很多无线供电应用场合需要保持输出电压恒定的需求,提出了一种高频逆变器前动态调压的恒压输出控制方法。以LCL-S型感应耦合电能传输系统为研究对象,通过阻抗分析法建模,发现通过元器件的参数配置,可使系统输入阻抗为纯阻性,减少无功分量,同时逆变器开关管实现了零电流开通与关断,但此时系统输出电压并不恒定。针对分析结果提出基于模糊自适应PI控制算法的逆变前动态调压控制的恒压输出控制方案,最后搭建了仿真实验平台和实验样机证明了分析结果的正确和控制方案的有效。     

无刷直流电动机闭环调速系统虚拟实验平台设计

利用Matlab图形用户界面开发工具GUI设计无刷直流电动机单、双闭环调速系统的虚拟仿真实验平台。采用Simulink仿真技术搭建后台无刷直流电动机单、双闭环调速系统仿真模型。针对无刷直流电动机参考转速变化、负载转矩变化等情形,在虚拟仿真实验平台进行无刷直流电动机单、双闭环调速系统虚拟仿真实验,实验结果验证了所建立仿真模型的正确性和虚拟实验平台的实用性。通过仿真实验教学,加深学生对所学内容的理解,激发学生的学习兴趣,加强学生创新思维和创新能力的培养。     

Second Law of Thermodynamics Analysis of TranscriticalCarbon Dioxide Refrigeration Cycle

In order to identify the locations of irreversible loss within the transcritical carbon dioxide refrigeration cycle with an expansion turbine, a method with respect to the second law of thermodynamics based on exergy analysis model is applied. The effects of heat rejection pressures, outlet temperatures of gas cooler and evaporating temperatures on the exergy loss, exergy efficiency and the coefficient of performance (COP) of the expansion turbine cycle are analyzed. It is found that the great percentages of exergy losses take place in the gas cooler and compressor. Moreover, heat rejection pressures, outlet temperatures of gas cooler and evaporating temperatures have strong influence on the exergy efficiency, COP and the exergy loss of each component. The analysis shows that there exists an optimal heat rejection pressure corresponding to the maximum exergy efficiency and COP, respectively. The results are of significance in providing theoretical basis for optimal design and the control of the transcritical carbon dioxide system with an expansion turbine.     

直接空冷机组大温差供热技术高背压运行的经济性分析

介绍了大温差供热技术及应用情况,以300MW直接空冷机组为例,分析了应用大温差供热技术时在供热量不变的条件下,提高汽轮机背压,其经济性也会提高.     

最大功率点跟踪的太阳能光伏发电系统实验平台设计

设计了太阳能光伏发电铅蓄电池充电的简易实验教学平台,由光伏电池板、充电控制器、阀控式铅蓄电池和变阻箱负载构成。以近似梯度值计算代替一阶求导,提出了一种变步长的电压扰动观察法来实现太阳能光伏发电最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)。以STM8S105单片机为控制器核心,采用Buck直流降压斩波主电路,结合铅蓄电池四阶段充电方式,进行系统硬件和软件设计。测试表明,该实验平台具有MPPT功能,造价较低、结构简单、性能良好、易于操作和维护,能够满足实验教学的要求。     

On maximum power point tracking control strategy for variable speed constant frequency wind power generation

Based on the characteristic of AC-excited variable speed constant frequency （VSCF） wind power generation, the vector control technique was applied in a doubly fed induction generator （DFIG）. Maximum wind energy or maximum output power point can be tracked by decoupling control of active power and reactive power. The research result shows that the net power of generation system delivered to grid in maximum wind energy tracking mode is not the most. We presented a novel maximum power point tracking （MPPT） control strategy by analyzing the DFIG mathematic model and power relations which delivered the maximum power to the grid. The maximum power point could be tracked automatically without measuring wind speed in the control strategy and the control was independent of optimal turbine power curve, which had excellent dynamic and static performances and robustness. Simulation and experimental results testify the accuracy and validity of the control strategy.     

Design and Numerical Simulation on Coupled Flow Field of Radial Turbine with Air-Inlet Volute

As one of the core components of turbocharger or micro-turbine, radial turbine has the features of small size and high rotation speed. In order to explore the design method and flow mechanism of the turbine with a volute, a centimeter-scale radial turbine with a vaneless air-inlet volute was designed and simulated numerically to investigate the characteristics of the coupled flow field. The results show that the wheel efficiency of single passage computation without the volute is 80.1%. After accounting for the factors of the loss caused by the volute and the interaction between each passage, the performance is more accurate according to the whole flow passage computation with the volute. High load region gathers at the mid-span and the efficiency declines to 76.6%. The performance of the volute whose structure angle of the trapezoid section is equal to 70 degree is better. Unlike uniform inlet condition in single passage, more appropriate inlet flow for the impeller is provided by the rectification effect of the volute in full passage calculation. Flow parameters are distributed more evenly along the blade span and are generally consistent between each passage at the outlet of the turbine.     

基于C语言和Origin 7.5的曲率法测普朗克常量

介绍了用曲率法测普朗克常数实验的原理及方法。并利用Origin7.5软件文献进行自动高度曲线拟合,再推导出截止电压的数学表达式,最后用C语言编辑程序进行实验数据自动处理。最终证明了曲率法测普朗克常数实验的可行性,也为实验者提供了快速、准确的数据处理方法,以提高实验效率。     

用阿德伍德机验证牛顿第二定律

本文给出了用阿德伍德机验证牛顿第二定律的实验原理和实验装置,介绍了用阿德伍德机的实验方法验证在总质量m不变的情况下,合外力f与加速度a的关系;在合外力f不变的情况下,1/m与a的关系。同时,给出了用阿德伍德机验证牛顿第二定律的实验结果,结果表明该方法简单可行和有一定的精度,我们在教学中使用效果较好。     

水口电机组一次调频动态特性仿真分析

发电机组的一次调频对维持电力系统频率起着至关重要的作用.结合水口水电机组的运行实际情况,并考虑机组的调频死区和水头水流扰动环节的影响,对其一次调频动态特性进行仿真分析,给出了相应的调频动态响应过程和特性指标值.     

Parametric optimization of organic Rankine cycle with R245fa/R601a as working fluid

In order to select the appropriate working fluids and optimize parameters for medium-temperature geothermally-powered organic Rankine cycle(ORC), R245 fa is mixed with R601 a at geothermal water temperature of 110 ℃. Based on thermodynamics, the characteristics of mixture and its influence on the performance of ORC under different evaporating temperatures and composition proportions are analyzed. Results show that the zeotropic mixture R245fa/R601a(0.4/0.6) has the highest performance. When the evaporating temperature reaches 67 ℃, the outlet temperature of geothermal water is 61 ℃, the net power output is the highest and the thermal efficiency is about 9%.     

感应电机多参数辨识的实验研究

从理论及试验上深入地分析了定子电阻参数变化对定子磁链估计的影响。同时,在伪降阶磁链观测器的基础上提出了定子电阻、转子电阻及转速的参考模型自适应律,从实验结果可以看出电机参数依据本文所得到自适应律进行独立辨识时可以获得的估计精度。     

高应力比下路用水泥混凝土疲劳可靠度量化分析(英文)

为获得路用水泥混凝土在高应力比作用下其疲劳可靠度的变化规律,首先推导了包括混凝土疲劳寿命在内的单调随机变量的概率密度,然后推导了 Miner 与 Chaboche-Zhao 疲劳损伤模型的概率密度. 借助室内疲劳试验结果,获得这 2 种模型的疲劳损伤概率密度函数. 最后,将荷载作用次数代入上述函数,从而获得水泥混凝土疲劳可靠度随荷载作用次数的变化规律. 结果表明: 随着荷载作用次数的增加,相同应力比下,疲劳可靠度从 100%逐渐衰减为 0%; 无论何种应力比,在荷载作用初期,疲劳可靠度均有一个较为稳定的阶段; 随着应力比的增加,该稳定阶段逐渐缩短,且可靠度为 0%时对应的荷载作用次数也减小; 在可靠度衰减阶段,对于相同荷载作用次数,应力比越高,则混凝土可靠度越低; 此外,Miner 疲劳损伤模型比Chaboche-Zhao 疲劳损伤模型偏安全.     

Resistance partial factor and reliability of cast ball-and-socket support joint

Considering the uncertainty of material performance, geometric characteristic and analysis method, the analysis of statistical parameters of the resistance of cast ball-and-socket support joints and the reliability analysis are carried out by JC method (improved first-order second-moment method) based on the relevant experimental data. Results show that the resistance partial factor of the joint increases with the increase of the reliability index. The resistance partial factors are suggested corresponding to the reliability index under different load combinations. Moreover, the suggested resistance partial factor is adopted in reliability design, and it is found that the reliability index of the joint is larger than the target reliability index. The optimal load combination is the one in which live load plays an important control role. Finally, based on the suggested resistance partial factors, the reliability analysis of cast ball-and-socket support joints of a project is conducted.     

Simulation of gas-fired triple-effect LiBr/water absorption cooling system with exhaust heat recovery generator

An exhaust heat recovery generator is proposed to be integrated with conventional gas-fired triple-effect LiBr/water absorption cooling cycles to improve system energy efficiency. As a case study, simulation of the novel cycle based on promising parallel flow with cooling capacity of 1 150 kW is carried out under various heat recovery generator vapor production ratios ranging from 0 to 3.5%. The life cycle saving economic analysis, for which the an- nual gas conservation is estimated with Bin method, is employed to prove the worthiness of extra expenditure. Results show that the optimum gas saving revenue is obtained at 2.8% heat recovery generator vapor production ratio with 42 kW exhaust heat recovered, and the system energy efficiency is improved from 1.78 to 1.83. The initial investment of exchanger can be paid back within 7 years and 9 000 CNY of gas saving revenue will be achieved over the 15-year life cycle of the machine. This technology can be easily implemented and present desirable economic effects, which is feasible to the development of triple-effect absorption cycles.     

电流正反馈自动调速系统设计

在电压负反馈的基础上,给发电机、电动机换向绕组两端并联电阻R1,用以检测主回路电流I,从R,取出它的一部分电压作为电流正反馈信号加到扩大机控制绕组CII上．当电压负反馈系数αV增大时,电流正反馈系数α1也要增大,从而提高了发电机的端电压,补偿了电动机因负载变化而造成的转速降,保证了系统具有较硬的静特性．     

Mechanical Behaviors of Silt Rock Subjected to Coupling Static and Impact Loads

Experiments of silt rock subjected to coupling loads were carried out on tailormade equipment. With a constant dynamic load, the behaviors of eight sets of siltite specimens were investigated with different axial static loads. The experimental results show that the modulus of the specimens under coupling loads increases at first and then decreases with the increase of axial static pressure. The failure model of the specimens also varies. Keeping the dynamic load constant, when the axial static pressure is low, the specimen breaks in two simply. With the increase of axial static pressure, the cone-shaped fragment appeares. When the axial static pressure reaches 90% of the static strength of rock, the specimen smashes into amount of small fragments.