浅议化学实验室课堂管理

高校化学实验室是训练学生基础性操作,培养学生实验技能、科学习惯和创新能力的重要基地,也是师生进行科学研究的场所。做好实验室的课堂管理,是实验教学质量的重要保证。本文探讨了如何通过搞好化学实验室课堂管理来提高实验教学质量。     

美国国家实验室的管理体制和运行机制剖析

在阐明国家实验室地位作用和美国国家实验室发展历程、目标使命基础上, 分析了美国国家实验室的管理体制和运行机制。着重从国家实验室的分级分类管理、目标任务合同制、实验室与承包商间互利双赢模式、内部管理架构和学术组织结构等管理体制方面,董事会领导下的主任负责制,人员聘用管理与流动,人才、项目与仪器设备结合,科技资源开放共享,合作与竞争, 同行评议,技术转移等运行机制方面研究其有益经验,以期对我国国家实验室的建设提供借鉴参考。     

Using clinical guidelines to assess the potential value of laboratory medicine in clinical decision-making

IntroductionIt is often quoted that 70% of clinical decisions are based on laboratory results, but the evidence to substantiate this claim is lacking. Since clinical guidelines aim to document best-practice decision making for specific disease conditions, inclusion of any laboratory test means that the best available evidence is recommending clinicians use it. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the world’s most common cause of mortality, so this study reviewed all CVD guidelines published by five national/international authorities to determine what proportion of them recommended laboratory testing.Materials and methodsFive leading CVD guidelines were examined, namely the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the Australian Heart Foundation (AHF) and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ).ResultsA total of 101 guidelines were reviewed. Of the 33 individual ESC guidelines relating to CVD, 24/33 made a direct reference to the use of clinical laboratory tests in either diagnosis or follow-up treatment. The same applied to 15/20 of NICE guidelines, 24/32 from the ACC and 15/16 from the AHF/CSANZ. Renal function and blood count testing were the most recommended (39 and 26 times), with lipid, troponin and natriuretic peptide measurement advocated 25, 19 and 19 times respectively.ConclusionsThis study has shown that laboratory testing is advocated by between 73% and 94% of individual CVD guideline recommendations from five national/international authorities. This provides an index to assess the potential value of laboratory medicine to healthcare.     

Redefinition of gestational diabetes mellitus: implications for laboratory practice in Croatia

An increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes has become a very challenging task in prenatal care worldwide. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) has recently issued recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy. These recommendations, the first to provide harmonised, evidence-based criteria for the diagnosis and classification of diabetes in pregnancy, are currently being discussed and accepted worldwide by the relevant authorities. As the acceptance of the proposed criteria has major implications for both clinical and laboratory settings, a concerted action towards necessary changes in practice has to be carefully planned and adjusted to national health-care specificities.IADPSG criteria have been strongly advocated by the Croatian Perinatology Society, resulting in a new strategy for the detection and diagnosis of hyperglycaemic disorders in pregnancy.To address the respective laboratory requirements, in April 2012, the Croatian Chamber of Medical Biochemists appointed a Working Group to provide a standardised procedure for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes, applicable to all laboratories involved in prenatal care, in both primary and specialised health-care facilities.In this paper we discuss key laboratory-related issues regarding succesful implementation of the IADPSG criteria in Croatia.     

国家实验室的管理体制和运行机制分析与建构

国家实验室在我国是新生事物,是国家重点实验室体系框架中的核心部分,代表国家在相关领域科技自主创新的实力和水平。文中在阐明美国国家实验室发展历程基础上,分析了美国国家实验室的管理体制和运行机制。论述了我国国家实验室的地位和作用,分析了国家实验室构成的三要素,提出体制机制模式构建的五项原则,着重研究了国家实验室的管理体制和运行机制,包括合同管理制、主任负责制、聘任制与聘期制、开放与流动、创新团队建设、绩效考核与评估、竞争与激励、合作与联合、资源和信息共享、产学研合作等,以期对我国国家实验室的建设提供借鉴与参考。     

国家实验室管理体制与运行机制思考

论述了多方共建国家实验室的必要性和可行性,提出了多方共建国家实验室建设运行理念.以使国家实验室真正成为具有独立的人事、财务、资产等权利的研究实体为目标,提出了多方共建国家实验室的管理框架和运行机制的具体设想.     

管理和经济专业模拟实验室管理问题初探

针对如何有效地改进管理和经济专业。实验室管理模式及其模拟实验室正常运转的主要性，从硬件设备、软件环境、人员管理3个方面入手，对模拟实验室存在的问题进行了研究；最后，提出了解决问题的相关方法和对策。     

高校实验室管理模式的研究与探索

文章简要介绍了实验室管理模式的发展历程,阐述了各时期管理模式存在的优缺点,并对实验室管理机构设置及实验室管理模式的选择做了简单分析,给出了对实验室管理模式改革发展的几点思考。     

水电站建筑物课程实验建设的探讨

大学的扩招进一步导致教育资源的稀缺,最受影响的当属实验与实践教学环节的减弱。水电站建筑物作为水利工程专业的核心课程之一,具有内容多、知识面广、实践性强的特点,是一门老师授课难、学生学习痛苦的课程。若无较好的实验环节支持,学生的学习将变得空洞、无趣甚至不知所以。文章以三峡大学水电站建筑物的课程实验为例,介绍了该课程相关实验室的建设。实验室初步建成后,对教学效果有较明显的提升。     

Incorrect order of draw could be mitigate the patient safety: a phlebotomy management case report

Procedures involving phlebotomy are critical for obtaining diagnostic blood specimens and represent a well known and recognized problem, probably among the most important issues in laboratory medicine. The aim of this report is to show spurious hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia due to inadequate phlebotomy procedure. The diagnostic blood specimens were collected from a male outpatient 45 years old, with no clinical complaints. The tubes drawing order were as follows: i) clot activator and gel separator (serum vacuum tube), ii) K₃EDTA, iii) a needleless blood gas dedicated-syringe with 80 I.U. lithium heparin, directly connected to the vacuum tube holder system. The laboratory testing results from serum vacuum tube and dedicated syringe were 4.8 and 8.5 mmol/L for potassium, 2.36 and 1.48 mmol/L for total calcium, respectively. Moreover 0.15 mmol/L of free calcium was observed in dedicated syringe. A new blood collection was performed without K₃EDTA tube. Different results were found for potassium (4.7 and 4.5 mmol/L) and total calcium (2.37 and 2.38 mmol/L) from serum vacuum tube and dedicated syringe, respectively. Also free calcium showed different concentration (1.21 mmol/L) in this new sample when compared with the first blood specimen. Based on this case we do not encourage the laboratory managers training the phlebotomists to insert the dedicated syringes in needle-holder system at the end of all vacuum tubes. To avoid double vein puncture the dedicated syringe for free calcium determination should be inserted immediately after serum tubes before EDTA vacuum tubes.     

Designing and validating an autoverification system of biochemical test results in Hatay Mustafa Kemal University,clinical laboratory

IntroductionAutoverification (AV) is a postanalytical tool that uses algorithms to validate test results according to specified criteria. The Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) document for AV of clinical laboratory test result (AUTO-10A) includes recommendations for laboratories needing guidance on implementation of AV algorithms. The aim was to design and validate the AV algorithm for biochemical tests.Materials and methodsCriteria were defined according to AUTO-10A. Three different approaches for algorithm were used as result limit checks, which are reference range, reference range ± total allowable error, and 2nd and 98th percentile values. To validate the algorithm, 720 cases in middleware were tested. For actual cases, 3,188,095 results and 194,520 reports in laboratory information system (LIS) were evaluated using the AV system. Cohen’s kappa (κ) was calculated to determine the degree of agreement between seven independent reviewers and the AV system.ResultsThe AV passing rate was found between 77% and 85%. The highest rates of AV were in alanine transaminase (ALT), direct bilirubin (DBIL), and magnesium (Mg), which all had AV rates exceeding 85%. The most common reason for non-validated results was the result limit check (41%). A total of 328 reports evaluated by reviewers were compared to AV system. The statistical analysis resulted in a κ value between 0.39 and 0.63 (P < 0.001) and an agreement rate between 79% and 88%.ConclusionsOur improved model can help laboratories design, build, and validate AV systems and be used as starting point for different test groups.     

Cloud-based business services innovation: A risk management model

Cloud computing providers and their software-as-a-service offerings have become more profuse and mature, making cloud technology an increasingly important platform for business services innovation. Although the cloud offers rich opportunities for transforming businesses—innovating existing services and introducing creative new ones—it also involves risks that business managers must identify and resolve to successfully drive innovation efforts. However, no comprehensive models are available to help managers assess and mitigate the risks they face. To address this void, we reviewed extant literature on cloud computing from a business innovation perspective to uncover the myriad challenges managers confront as they seek to leverage cloud technology in the ongoing transformation of their organization’s service offerings. Combining this systematic literature analysis with relevant theory, we synthesized an integrated model for managing risk during innovation of cloud-based business services. The model identifies three types of risks (services, technology, and process risks) and four types of resolutions (stakeholder engagement, technology development, innovation planning, and innovation control). The model also helps managers identify their organization’s general risk profile and link that profile to a specific configuration of resolutions.     

会计实验室模拟防真场景建设研究——基于广西经济管理干部学院会计系教学实践

随着市场经济的进一步发展完善,社会对高素质会计人才需求量不断上升,近年来会计专业成为院校招生和学生报考的热门专业,各财经和管理类院校成为培养会计人才的主阵地,怎样使培养的会计类学生能够更快适应社会需求成为每个会计教育工作者思考的问题。笔者根据在院校和企业的会计工作经验,提出会计实验室防真情景教学观,并提出会计实验室防真情景建设的合理化建议。     

The concurrence of the current postanalytical phase management with the national recommendations: a survey of the Working Group for Postanalytics of the Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine

IntroductionThe detection and prevention of errors in the postanalytical phase can be done through the harmonization and standardization of constituent parts of this phase of laboratory work. The aim was to investigate how well the ongoing management of the postanalytical phase corresponds to the document “Post-analytical laboratory work: national recommendations” in Croatian medical biochemistry laboratories (MBLs).Materials and methodsAll 195 MBLs participating in the national external quality assessment scheme, were invited to undertake a part in a survey. Through 23 questions the participants were asked about management of the reference intervals (RI), delta check, reflex/reflective testing, postanalytical quality indicators and other parts of the postanalytical phase recommended in the national recommendations. The results are presented in numbers and percentages.ResultsOut of 195 MBLs, 119 participated in the survey, giving a response rate of 61%. Not all of the respondents provided answers to all the questions. Delta check has not been used in 59% (70/118) of the laboratories. Only 22/113 (20%) laboratories use reflex and/or reflective testing. In 53% of the laboratories, critical results were reported within 30 minutes of the confirmation of the results. In 34% (40/118) of the laboratories, turnaround time and reporting of critical results are two most often monitored postanalytical quality indicators.ConclusionThe results showed the critical results reporting and monitoring of postanalytical quality indicators are in the line with the recommendations. However, the management of RI verification, the use of delta check and reflex/reflective testing still must be harmonized among Croatian MBLs.     

工业实验室的变迁

 工业实验室历史上出现过很多重大的变化。这些变化包括：公司加强对工业实验室的管理、公司改变对工业实验室的资助方式、工业实验室规模变得适度化、工业实验室结构变得虚拟化、工业实验室功能变得多元化、工业实验室研究方针从由基础研究推动应用研究走向由应用研究拉动基础研究以及工业实验室学术传统逐渐淡化等。文章通过总结上述这些变化,为进一步研究工业实验室演变规律奠定了基础,也为我国的工业实验室建设提供了有益的参考。     

不同类型地区畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用管理模式选择——以江苏省太湖地区为例

不同地区应根据种植业-养殖业发展情况、经济发展水平与政府污染治理能力、水环境状况与治理需求,因地制宜地选择管理模式。依据系统构成要素及关系,本文将畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用管理模式总结为养殖企业主导型、有机肥企业主导型、种植企业主导型、政府（公益性处理中心）主导型四类。综合应用聚类分析与SWOT分析方法,将江苏省太湖地区22个县（市、区）划分为三类管理模式地区：养殖企业-有机肥企业主导型模式混合推广区,占太湖地区总土地面积43%;有机肥企业主导型模式重点推广区,占土地总面积20%;种植企业主导模式重点推广区,占土地总面积37%。政府在畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用中应同时扮演废弃物处理排放监督者、资源化利用组织者与服务购买者等“多重角色”,将养殖废弃物资源化利用相关利益主体组织起来,重新构建种植业-养殖业关系,切实提高养殖废弃物的有效利用水平。     

物理实验室的演变及其对科学发展的作用

文章探讨了物理实验室演变的历史 ,初步概括为萌芽、初创、发展和太空四个时期 ,进而论述了物理实验室在学科发展、人才培养和社会进步等方面对于科学发展的积极作用     

青海医学院实验室改革探索

分析了医学院校实验室传统模式存在“小而全”的弊端,阐述了青海省医学院实验室体制改革的现状,提出了进上步改革的设想。     

Defining laboratory medicine: a circle cannot be squared

At the down of the third millennium, it is rather misleading to consider the “whole population” as a conceptual entity, whereby the population is actually composed by single individuals, who differ broadly in terms of age, sex, ethnic origin, occupation, health, wellbeing, lifestyle and risk factors. While reaffirming strongly that laboratory medicine shall aim to provide data that could be translated into actionable information on “BOTH” an individual and universal level, we confute and refuse the naive and too simplistic approach that the common beneficence shall always be prioritized over the individual good, since the common good is just the sum of many individual beneficences.     

通信工程专业实验室建设方案设计与实践

通信实验室是通信工程专业建设的重要组成部分,经过不断的建设完善,使其成为培养通信专业人才创新能力的实践基地。依据我校通信专业的电力行业特色和发展历程,给出了通信专业实验室的建设方案和实施成果。