加拿大高等教育的量变、质变及其特征

加拿大高等教育过去40年的数量发展主要表现为高等学校学生、教师及学校数量的显著增加,其质变主要表现为越来越强调应用研究、国际化和商业化等。加拿大高等教育体系的主要特征为:政府干预日益增多,大学与经济间联系日益加强,市场规则与机制逐步引入,大学集权管理不断加强,大学功能日益商业化。     

德国应用科学大学校企合作的形式、特点与发展趋向

德国应用科学大学与企业合作的主要形式包括:由企业向学生提供实习岗位和毕业设计岗位;委托大学进行科研或与大学开展联合研究;担任大学双元制专业合作伙伴;参与大学的师资建设;资助大学设立实验室/研究机构;参与高校的管理与决策。德国大学与企业的合作涉及到教学、科研和管理等不同方面以及学生、教师、学校和政府等不同参与主体,表现出全方位和立体式的特点。目前,德国的校企合作正在由短期的、零散式的合作转向建立长期的战略伙伴关系。     

Faculty vitality in the comprehensive university: Changing context and concerns

Much of the current research on faculty vitality—including studies of faculty workload, reward structures, and morale—are focused on research universities and liberal arts colleges. Results of two surveys of faculty vitality at DePaul University, administered in 1986 and 1992, suggest that the earlier models of faculty vitality, although useful, need to be reexamined for comprehensive universities. This case study suggests that nontangible correlates, particularly institutional direction and mission articulation and their relationship to faculty workload and the reward's structure, play an important role in ensuring a balanced effort at promoting faculty vitality at comprehensive universities.     

经济相关事务对美国大学教师及组织的影响

经济相关事务指这样一种理念,即大学不仅仅要产出发明,还要保证这些发明能够成为创新成果并通过专利和许可转化到商业经济之中,创建和培养新的公司,展开为工业界服务或与其合作的研究,并发展出对技术进步有所贡献的领域。本文讨论了导致教师角色和大学组织变化的因素,受经济相关事务影响而建立的项目带来了教师群体研究的深化和学科交叉性的增强,特别的手段还包括在经济相关领域聘请新增教师的专项基金、研究所和研究中心的增加以及推进学科交叉性的计划。新型的研究所出现,与工业界展开合作,整个大学校因也都致力于此,负责技术转化的机构极大地扩展了。     

R&D Funding Sources and University Technology Transfer: What Is Stimulating Universities to Be More Entrepreneurial?

In recent years, universities have become increasingly entrepreneurial as evidenced by their rapid escalation into technology transfer, the process by which university-developed technologies are commercialized. Stimulated in part by a favorable policy environment for patenting and licensing as well as increased competition for limited resources, university commercially oriented activities are nevertheless risky and controversial. Yet, it is unlikely this trend will be reversed, and hence research to inform its responsible practice is needed. This study investigates the effect of core R&D resources on university licensing to small and large companies, two important but distinct forms of licensing activity. Implications of the findings for policy and practice are offered.     

Motivating Individuals: Growing research from a “fragile base”

Faculty around the world are experiencing changes in their academic work. While “traditional” universities are responding to demands for greater accountability and increased and timely outputs from research, faculty within new higher education institutions (HEIs) are undergoing a paradigm shift within three concentric circles of change. Not only do they have to alter their own academic practice, but their HEI is also undergoing a revolution at a time when higher education is itself being transformed. The article documents these changes, challenging the assumption that there is a homogeneous or “single academic profession” with a common experience of academic change, and suggests a more complex picture for faculty in new HEIs. There are three sections: (1) overview of the literature on academic work, (2) how faculty in new HEIs are learning to play the research game, and (3) strategies and policies being introduced to encourage and facilitate research.     

Commercialization of research: a case study of Australian universities

Research commercialization is a crucial aspect of technological innovation and is a complex socio‐economic and technological process. This paper explores the commercialization of university research, drawing on an empirical study of the development of research commercialization by Australian universities. The study addresses three main research questions: (i) What are the recent major policy changes affecting the commercialization of university research in Australia? (ii) How much have Australian universities done in research commercialization over the past few years? (iii) What are the key barriers to the achievement of higher levels of commercialization in university research? The findings of this study show that there are two fundamental issues that universities have to address: (i) adequate financial support from governments, industries, and other stakeholders; and (ii) effective innovation management with academic entrepreneurship. Because the issues and problems covered in this study are common to many countries, the study has international applications and provides policymakers and practitioners with valuable information to assist them in the development of organizational strategies in the commercialization of innovative university research.     

Faculty’s academic intellectual leadership: the intermediary relations with universities’ organizational components

In line with ‘the entrepreneurial university’ discourse, managerialism and performative culture brought new expectations to faculty such as developing online programmes/courses, carrying out training for professionals, obtaining research funds, leading projects in cooperation with industry/business, collaborating with colleagues from various disciplines, participating in international networks and representing their disciplines and institutions. These new duties and the traditional roles of academics, as knowledge producer and public intellectual, constitute their intellectual leadership. Given these new circumstances, it is important to investigate the influence of universities’ organizational components to understand how university managers can support academics’ intellectual leadership. This research aims to explore intermediary relations between communication, climate and managerial practice flexibility in universities and academics’ intellectual leadership. Quantitative data were collected from 937 Turkish faculty via an online questionnaire and analysed using Path analyses. Analysis revealed that faculty, by their intellectual leadership behaviours, contribute to the development of their disciplines, institutions and society, and that communication in universities has a strong impact on faculty’s intellectual leadership by mediation of the organizational climate and managerial flexibility regarding scholarly practices. Consequently, university managers should establish functional communication systems in their institutions to generate a positive atmosphere and to maximize the efficiency of institutional practices.     

云南宝玉石专业人才培养模式改革理论与实践——以保山学院为例

玉雕工艺是我国民族传统文化的瑰宝,＂玉回云南＂是近年来云南省吹响的产业号角。结合发展形势需要,我省高校纷纷开设了宝玉石鉴定、加工及营销管理方面的专业,有效地缓解了宝玉石行业人才市场的需求。然而,宝玉石专业人才培养有其自身的规律,需要推行校企合作、校政结合的人才培养模式改革,推行师资队伍建设向双师型的改革,推行科研服务教学,服务市场的理念改革,推行建立实习实训基地、工学结合的岗位对位模式改革,推行灵和多变的工作室制化教学模式改革,推行班级与企业管理相结合的职业对位改革。全面实施开放办学,让人才培养、科技创新、社会服务的三大高校功能在宝玉石专业建设中得到充分而个性的展现。     

韩国国立大学教师业绩评价制度比较研究

对韩国37所国立大学(综合类19所、理工类7所、师范类11所)的教师业绩评价有关规定进行政策文本分析发现,部分综合类高校和理工类高校在对教师进行业绩评价时,制定了考虑学科特殊性的评价方案,但大部分师范高校尚未制定考虑学科特殊性的评价方案.国立大学教师评价方案呈现出以下特点:重研究成果数量,轻质量;重国际学术期刊,轻国内...     

INSTITUTIONAL PERCEPTIONS ABOUT THE PREPARATION OF COLLEGE ADMINISTRATORS

This article looks at the relative usefulness of 12 selected factors in the preparation of college administrators as seen by practicing administrators and faculty in comprehensive community colleges, four‐year liberal arts colleges, and universities.

Three hundred randomly selected faculty and administrators in the state of Iowa were sent survey questionnaires. The returned surveys and research data were then analyzed in order to answer the research question.

The findings suggested that graduates from programs in higher education administration may be more accepted in community colleges than in liberal arts colleges or universities. The findings also showed that university personnel perceived the major research experience as being significantly more useful than the other personnel. Nonclassroom experiences were thought to be the most useful by all personnel, with faculty experience in higher education perceived to be the most useful. This study also showed that both administrators and faculty perceived majoring in higher education administration to be less useful than any of the other 11 preparation variables.

One of the recommendations of this study is that students, graduates, and professors in higher education administration programs attempt to educate the participants in higher education and the public on the strengths and uses of their programs. It was also recommended that further research is needed in the area of administrative task analysis at the different types of institutions.     

Research productivity of foreign- and US-born faculty: differences by time on task

Similar to trends in postsecondary education across the world, today’s US universities are an increasing mix of native and foreign-born scholars. US institutions are experiencing a growing number of international faculty members, but there is limited literature examining foreign-born faculty who work in US institutions and how outputs from foreign-born faculty compare to US-born natives. Using data from the 2004 National Survey of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:04), this study examines difference in faculty members’ research productivity at doctoral-granting institutions by foreign/US-born status controlling for select individual and institutional characteristics. Findings show that foreign-born faculty members spend more time on research and less time on undergraduate instruction than US-born peers, and this may contribute to their higher levels of production. Implications are discussed that consider how to ensure diverse faculty communities that lead to strong research and knowledge production.     

Using faculty publication rates for comparing “peer” institutions

This paper reports the results of a study of faculty publication productivity at five major research universities. Data on publication rates were gathered for two years from theCorporate Indexes published by the Institute for Scientific Information, while numbers of faculty by academic discipline were computed using standard reports generated annually by the participating universities. The primary conclusion drawn from the study is that institutional publication rates can be estimated from references in theCorporate Indexes and provide one, albeit imperfect, measure of relative university research productivity.     

学术金字塔中的“她力量”：高校工科 女性教师科研自我效能感研究

高校女性教师是科技人才队伍的重要组成部分，是我国科技事业十分重要的力量，然而这一群体仍面临着人数较少、职业发展遭遇瓶颈、生育友好型环境有待提升等困境。研究基于科研自我效能感理论，运用混合研究方法，对上海6所高校204位工科女性教师开展问卷调查，并辅之以质性访谈，探索工科女性教师科研自我效能感现状及其影响因素。研究发现：工科女性教师的科研概念化能力、执行和汇报能力自我效能感水平相对较高；日均照顾子女和长辈的时间、对自身的领导能力和担任领导职位的自信程度等因素均对其科研自我效能感产生显著正向影响。基于上述结果，研究从国家和高校两个层面对工科女性教师人才的支持政策提出建议。     

加拿大安大略省教学轨教职的发展现状、评价标准及现实启示

近年来,在学生规模扩大、教育问责强化、财政资助缩减等压力之下,加拿大安大略省将引入教学轨教职作为提高教育质量的重要改革举措。与传统的终身轨教师相比,教学轨教师主要从事教学和学习活动,与兼职或临时讲师相比,教学轨教师对教学和学生的投入更多,与学校的聘任关系更加稳定。作为与终身轨教职平行的职业发展轨道,教学轨教职的评价标准主要侧重考察教师在教学技能、教学计划与课程发展、教学领导与成就等领域的贡献。教学轨教职的引入对大学而言是一次机会,可以重新审视教学与研究之间的关系,探索教学使命和研究使命如何相互促进。在当前的教师岗位分类改革中,我国高校可从教学模式和课程体系、聘任与晋升评价体系、晋升与岗位转换通道、教学荣誉体系等方面提高教学为主型教职的认可度,促进教学为主型教师队伍的职业发展。     

Educating Human Resource Development Leaders At The University Of Texas At Austin: The Use Of Action Learning To Facilitate University-Workplace Collaboration

Human resource development professionals are increasingly being called on to move beyond their technical roles and to bring their knowledge of the human dimension of organizations to leadership roles. Taking into account the challenges of a rapidly changing world, I redefine leadership and then describe how the university and program participants' workplaces collaborate to help learners develop the necessary leadership skills. The difficulties and rewards of implementing an action learning program as a part of a graduate degree are explored. Some of the difficulties addressed include differences between the cultures of universities and the workplace, an incompatibility between action learning and the kind of learning traditional to universities, and the challenges to the habitual behavioral, emotional, and thought processes of both faculty and students. Some of the rewards include the solution of difficult problems in work organizations, advancement of learners' careers, and the development of more effective learning strategies by both faculty and students.     

Raising Research Productivity in a Post-Soviet Higher Education System:A Case From Central Asia

To raise university research productivity, the government of Kazakhstan introduced a requirement for university faculty members to publish in journals with a nonzero impact factor in order to qualify for promotion. A survey of faculty members at six universities was conducted to explore their response to the policy. The results suggest that a promotion-linked publication requirement may lift faculty research productivity if it is accompanied by support structures and if universities have control over the promotion process.     

Assessment Practices of Instructors in Community College

Critical thinking is an important outcome of a college education. Assessment techniques that require students to demonstrate their understanding of course concepts are referred to as authentic assessment and promote the development of critical thinking. Little research exists on the types of assessment and grading practices utilized by community college instructors. This research examined the incidence and nature of various assessment practices used by community college faculty for basing the course grade. In addition, the study also examined the percentage of course grades that was based on traditional and authentic assessment and factors that may influence the use of assessment techniques. To facilitate the study, an online survey instrument was used to obtain data from faculty employed at two community colleges in California. Study results revealed that a variety of assessment practices are used by community college instructors with differences in relation to faculty status, level of academic achievement, online teaching status, and years of teaching experience. In addition, findings indicate that faculty primarily use authentic assessment in basing the course grade as compared to objective or traditional assessment—suggesting that they are using assessment techniques that promote critical thinking. A significant finding was that part-time faculty emphasize objective exams, attendance, and homework whereas full-time faculty emphasize research projects and learning journals. Findings suggest that professional development may be warranted for faculty by faculty status.     

新建本科院校教师发展机构的建设思路——基于比较的视角

加快教师发展及其组织建设,对新建本科院校而言具有极为迫切的现实意义。针对新建本科院校的特殊性,新建本科院校应在比较的基础上借鉴国内外高校教师发展及其组织建设的理念与做法,突破教师培养传统理念,谋划全局性教师发展目标,制定全员化教师发展计划,构建多元化的教师发展机构制度保障机制。