爱好体育运动的盲人

盲人象棋大赛:苏联是世界上首屈一指的国际象棋大国,爱下象棋的盲人就多达10多万,但盲人棋迷下起棋来一般只能下“盲棋”而不能下“明棋”。苏联国际象棋协会为了让盲人能参加正规棋赛,特别设计了一种“盲人棋”(棋盘上的棋格红方凸起而黑方凹陷。棋子则呈浮雕形且有可能摸的两色标记)。据悉,苏联将举办首届国际青年盲人象棋大赛,报名的国家已有苏、德、美、保、罗、匈等20个国家。     

盲人跳伞员

照片上中间那位名叫威尔逊,是美国的一位盲人,今年三十一岁。他即将要登上一架直升飞机,进行世界上首次盲人跳伞。两位教练员正往他的胳膊上绑两台微型无线电装置。 1977年,威尔逊在美国海军服役期间。由于一次意外的爆炸事故而双目失明。他自幼就喜爱体育运动,     

人体的缓振装置

当人体从一定高度跳下时,或是在奔跑跳跃时,身体与地面或器械接触的一刹那,都感受到一定的振盪,而肢体的任何一部分都未因此而遭受損伤,这种避免急剧的冲击和防止損伤的机制,是由人体的緩振装置来执行的。当然,人体的緩振装置的作用在外力的影响下是有一定限度的,如果任意超过这个限度,定会引起肢体的損伤。日常我們在沙坑內多放一些沙,或是将沙坑耙得十分松軟,或是把垫子叠得很厚,其目的就是要减少振盪避免伤害,但(亻尽)管把这些預防措施做得尽善尽美,也不能否认人体的緩振装置,在避免急剧的冲击影响和防止損伤中所起的主要作用。如果这些緩振装置因故不能即时     

盲人足球定位球射门时注意力集中的心理训练实验研究

根据盲人足球运动员的生理特点,设计了足球定位球射门时注意力集中的心理训练方法,并分实验组和对照组进行训练,然后对其训练方法从不同角度进行了分析研究。实验结果表明,足球定位球射门时注意力集中的心理训练方法可以提高盲人足球运动员的技术战术配合和射门的成功率,且盲人足球定位球射门的技术与心理训练有高度密切的联系。     

一种高精度超声波测距系统设计与实现

本文首先介绍了一种高精度超声波测量系统,并给出了各个单元模块。首先对当前的超声波测量系统进行了分析,然后给出了高精度超声波测距系统。设计了硬件电路的和软件程序。通过对比研究可以看出,本测试方法具有一定的应用价值。     

自制岸钓清除器

在我国沿海地区,很多海钓爱好者都喜欢用手线钓。其实,在进行岸钓时,为了避免因为钓钩被水下障碍物挂住损伤,钓手可依照手线的模式制作岸钓清除器。     

无碳自行避障小车的技术设计

为响应国家的节能减排号召,构建节约型社会,本文设计一种给定一重力势能,根据能量转换原理,可将该重力势能转换为机械能并可用来驱动小车行走的装置.小车行走时能沿着既定的路线并自动避开预先设置的障碍物.本文通过建立小车数学模型,利用Matlab软件分析各参数对小车行走的影响及绘制小车行走轨迹,实现优化设计,并最终指导零件尺寸的精确设计.     

不同运动项目对老年女性跨越障碍物策略影响的研究

跨越障碍物时,由于人体的平衡稳定性遭到破坏,极易造成跌倒。运用录像解析及足底压力等测试手段,选取15名太极拳练习者(年龄:65.8±5.6岁;太极拳练习年限:8.2±2.9年)和15名健步走练习者(年龄:65.6±4.2岁;健步走练习年限:8.8±2.6年)共30名健康女性,分别对跨越0厘米障碍物(正常行走),跨越15厘米障碍物(约20%腿长),跨越23厘米障碍(约30%腿长)进行运动学和动力学指标测试。采用MANOVA对组间数据进行统计学分析。结果发现,有太极拳运动背景的老年女性跨越障碍速度快,步幅大,足跟内侧压力强(P<0.05)。结论:不同运动项目可能对老年女性跨越障碍物的策略造成一定影响,与一般健步走练习相比,太极拳练习具有更好的身体姿态控制能力和跨越障碍物策略。     

迎面接力错位跑的纠正

我在以前的低年级迎面接力跑的教学中,只注意精讲多练,手把手教,可是总避免不了从左边错肩跑和迎面相撞的问题出现,从而影响了正常的教学秩序,达不到预想的教学效果。为纠正这种错位跑,我在教学中通过设置障碍物纠正迎面接力跑交接棒时错位跑的动作,简便易     

浅析计时员临场心理

当代田径比赛的竞争日趋激烈,运动员往往只能以零点零几秒的微弱优势取胜。为此,需要有科学、准确的计时装置来计取运动员的正确成绩。随着科学技术的发展,促进了体育设备的不断更新和完善。电动计时成绩从1930年可承认为世界纪录,国际从60年代、我国从80年代在重大比赛中普遍采用全自动计时装置,客观准确地反映了运动员的实际成绩,避免了人的因素所造成的终点名次和成绩的误差。但由于这种设备造价昂贵,目前还不能完全取代人工计时,一般在采用电动计时装置时,为防止装置的故障而造成的漏判、误判的情况发生,同时还辅以人工计时。当前,人工计时依然是主要的计时方法。因此,田径比赛规则     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

对欧洲足球技战术发展趋势的思考

结合欧洲足球技战术的发展特点,就鲁能泰山足球队的体能训练、技术训练、防守阵型、进攻方式、定位球、职业态度、球星培养等诸方面所存在的不足进行了分析,提出相应的改进意见。