论微格教学在高师钢琴即兴伴奏课中的运用

微格教学法是通过细化教学过程,设置可控制缩小的教学环境,训练师范生个体掌握的一种特定教学技能方法。钢琴即兴伴奏是中小学音乐教师必备的一项教学技能,在高师钢琴即兴伴奏课中运用微格教学法具有良好的客观条件和现实意义。本文将运用微格教学法的相关理论探讨高师钢琴即兴伴奏在实际教学环节中如何细化教学环节、提高上课效率,更好地提高学生弹奏技能等问题。     

Communication Gone Wired: Working Toward a "Practiced" Cyberfeminism

This article complicates concepts of gender and race in virtual environments by presenting a case study of an African American woman's (Celie's) on-line personalities. It discusses how one woman's presence in a college class and her on-line contributions to a (cyber)community of peers influenced her and the group's perspectives on violence and gender issues. The article shows that Celie's interactions on a virtual forum are related to and an extension of a multitude of factors such as her upbringing, her schooling, her wish to succeed in an environment often inhospitable and hostile to her needs, and her gendered identity. A close analysis of her online voice provides a starting point for cyberfeminists to look more closely at virtual forums and their potential for enhancing student learning, diversity, and multiple perspectives in classroom environments. This article also encourages feminist scholars to continue explorations centered around the multiple discourse strategies employed by participants in any given conversation.     

R&D priority-setting for global catastrophic risks: The case of the NASA planetary defense mission

"Mission-oriented" public research organizations invest in R&D to improve decision-making around complex policy problems from climate change to asteroid impacts, thus producing public value. However, the estimation of benefits produced by such R&D projects is notoriously difficult to predict and measure - a challenge that is magnified for global catastrophic risks (GCRs). GCRs are highly uncertain risks that may pose enormous negative consequences for humanity. This article explores how public research organizations systematically reduce key uncertainties associated with GCRs. Building off of recent literature highlighting the organizational and political factors that influence R&D priority-setting at public research organizations, this article develops an analytical framework for explaining R&D priority-setting outcomes that integrates the key stages of decision analysis with organizational and political dynamics identified in the literature. This framework is then illustrated with a case study of the NASA Planetary Defense Coordination Office, which addresses the GCR of near-Earth object (asteroid and comet) impacts. The case study reveals how organizational and political factors interact with every stage in the R&D priority-setting process - from initial problem definition to project selection. Lastly, the article discusses the extent to which the case study can inform R&D priority-setting at other public organizations, particularly those addressing GCRs.     

Battle of the Sexes on E-Mail-Or Is It?

Few studies have attempted to link e-mail use to power and politics. The purpose of this article is to offer some initial evidence and analysis of e-mail's role in organizational power and politics. To frame the discussion, the article reviews the relevant writings on power and politics. The review is concluded with a theoretical critique that suggests that contextual and, particularly, temporal aspects should be incorporated into research on power and politics in organizations. To demonstrate how an analysis based on temporal aspects can be undertaken, a case study that outlines the use of e-mail for power and politics in a university is presented. The discussion and conclusions sections synthesize the analysis by demonstrating that what was interpreted by many organization members at the early stages of the conflict as a ''battle of the sexes'' can be seen (and, indeed, was interpreted by many organization members at the later stages of the conflict) as an elaborate exercise in misinformation created by top management to further its political objectives. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications from this case to e-mail research and practice.     

Organizational agility through outsourcing: Roles of IT alignment,cloud computing and knowledge transfer

This study introduces the concept of outsourcing appropriation based on adaptive structuration theory (AST) to explore how organizations attain IT-dependent organizational agility through outsourcing appropriation. It examines the mediating role of IT alignment and the moderating roles of the adoption of cloud computing and knowledge transfer. The proposed model was tested using survey data from a sample of 170 IT executives. Our results indicate that the consensus of appropriation (COA) and faithfulness of appropriation (FOA) are positively associated with IT-dependent organizational agility, and the relationships are partially mediated by IT alignment. When adoption of cloud computing is high, the positive relationship between IT alignment and IT-dependent organizational agility becomes stronger than when it is low. Interestingly, results also show that the moderating roles of the transfer of explicit knowledge and transfer of tacit knowledge in the relationship between outsourcing appropriation and IT-dependent organizational agility vary significantly. The transfer of explicit knowledge negatively moderates the relationship between COA and agility. The transfer of tacit knowledge positively moderates the relationship between FOA and agility. These findings deepen our understanding of how organizations gain IT-dependent organizational agility in the context of IT outsourcing.     

Information Technology and Social Transformation: GIS for Forestry Management in India

In this article, we examine an in-depth case of the introduction of geographical information systems (GIS) in the Indian forestry sector and associated social transformations. Our study is informed by Giddens's recent theoretical developments on globalizing influences at the institutional level and their interconnectedness to new trust systems and self-identity at the individual level. We examine how some elements of our case analysis are illuminated by Giddens's theoretical concepts, and also highlight some potential areas for further theoretical development. In particular, our case suggests that there are ongoing processes of stability as well as reflexivity, and we also develop the concept of trust systems to support interactions with new groups of people. Finally, our analysis notes some limitations of Giddens's ideas, especially the somewhat homogeneous form of his theory in suggesting the nature of social transformations in current times. Instead, the case emphasizes the need to examine more closely cultural and other sociocultural characteristics in particular contexts, and how they play out with global influences.     

The role of team behavioral integration and cohesion in shaping individual improvisation

The notion of improvisation has recently emerged in managerial studies as a viable answer to flexibly dealing with unexpected occurrences. Nonetheless, research on improvisation has essentially approached the issue through a metaphorical framework, and has regularly relied on conceptual frameworks residing either at the individual or the team-level. We investigate how team-level processes affect individual improvisation in complex project domains. Using data from 138 team leaders and members belonging to 38 information systems development teams, we test cross-level hypotheses through hierarchical linear modeling. Team behavioral integration and team cohesion positively affect individual improvisation. Moreover, cohesion positively moderates the influence of team behavioral integration on individual improvisation. In concluding this paper we offer theoretical and practical implications.     

Information Systems and Developing Countries: Failure, Success, and Local Improvisations

This article presents evidence that--alongside the successes-- many information systems in developing countries can be categorized as failing either totally or partially. It then develops a new model that seeks to explain the high rates of failure. The model draws on contingency theory in order to advance the notion of design-actuality gaps: the match or mismatch between IS designs and local user actuality. This helps identify two high-risk archetypes that affect IS in developing countries: country context gaps and hard-soft gaps. The model is also of value in explaining the constraints that exist to local IS improvisations in developing countries. Overall, the article shows how model and theory help understand IS cases in developing countries, and equally, how those cases provide valuable data to help develop IS models and theories.     

电子政务服务外包潜在风险对其模式选择的影响研究

电子政务服务外包的成功很大程度上取决于外包模式的正确选择与潜在风险的有效掌控,研究其潜在风险对外包模式的影响对外包模式选择、风险防范具有较高的参考价值。在分析总结电子政务服务外包主要模式(BOT、BOO、BT、ASP)的关键成功因素和潜在风险因素的基础上,构建潜在风险影响外包模式选择的结构方程模型,分析"决策与合同管理风险"、"开发与运营管理风险"、"资金与成本管理风险"、"知识与战略管理风险"四类潜在风险对各外包模式的作用机制及影响程度,并依此提出外包模式选择的参考建议。     

数字导向战略更新的前因及实现路径探析：组织忘却学习视角

   近年来,传统企业纷纷抓住数字技术机遇,致力于进行数字导向的战略更新活动。然而,现有文献对于传统企业数字导向战略更新前因变量的探讨还比较有限。本研究基于IS战略化和战略实践观,提出了“战略化活动-忘却学习-数字导向战略更新”的研究框架,构建了自上而下的创业导向活动、自下而上的组织即兴活动,通过组织忘却学习影响数字导向战略更新的理论模型。本文采用两种研究方法,即问卷调查和案例研究方法,探讨数字导向战略更新的前因及实现路径。研究表明：创业导向和组织即兴均有利于传统企业的数字导向战略更新;忘却学习分别在创业导向与数字化探索创新、组织即兴与数字化探索创新的关系中起到中介作用。本研究细致刻画了传统企业如何通过忘却学习进行数字导向战略更新的作用机制,具有重要的理论及实践价值。     

行为策略、资源结构与中小企业创新产出

即兴与拼凑是中小企业经常应用的两类重要行为策略,但是它们对于创新的作用尚存在争议而需要进一步验证。本文构建由即兴、拼凑的主效应以及二者交互效应、资源结构调节效应组成的中小企业创新影响因素模型,利用242家科技型中小企业的问卷数据,采用普通最小二乘法,证实即兴、拼凑策略和中小企业创新之间分别呈倒U型和正相关关系,即兴和拼凑交互效应显示二者会弱化彼此的作用,维持更多的沉淀资源正向调节即兴对创新的作用。在证实即兴、拼凑作用的同时,从创新的角度为中小企业如何选用这些策略或者策略组合以及配置资源提供了思路。     

基于中国经验的制造外包主要影响因子研究

本文在Feenstra和Hanson（1996年）、Ahn等（2008年）估算外包比率的方法基础上,运用国际投入产出表,测算了1990年-2008年间中国主要制造业承接美国和日本外包比率水平。数据显示,我国制造业承接美国增幅较大,而承接日本较平缓。之后基于贸易理论,从对象国、类别不同层次实证分析了中国承接美国、日本制造业产业外包的主要影响因子。结果显示：①劳动力投入变量显著负向影响承接不同国家、不同工序类型的外包比率;②单位资本的丰裕程度（资源禀赋）显著正向影响我国承接美国、日本外包的水平,尤其对承接美国的加工品、日本的零配件正向影响明显,但对美国和日本向中国转移资本品业务影响不显著;③企业规模负向影响承接日本的制造外包,并负向影响承接日本加工品和资本品等中间环节业务,但对承接零配件外包业务的影响不显著;企业规模对承接美国的制造外包及不同工序的外包影响不显著;④劳动力生产率对承接不同国家、工序的外包影响不一。     

基于扎根方法的IT外包企业创新空间的研究

 IT外包中接包方越来越多地参与创新活动,而与之相应的问题是IT外包企业如何拥有一定的创新空间。对此我们于2010年对16家IT外包公司进行走访及高层访谈,并利用建构型扎根方法对其中9家面向欧美客户提供离岸IT服务的企业的访谈文稿进行分析,对这一问题进行探索性研究。我们使用了适合于质性研究的内容分析软件NVIVO8,获得了IT外包企业创新空间的模型。本研究结果表明：拥有创新空间的IT外包企业具备以下三个能力：知识获取能力、质量控制能力、传统竞争能力。在个人影响力、与客户维持良好关系的伴随影响下,IT外包企业的知识获取能力、质量控制能力和传统竞争能力促进其沟通能力和文化交融能力的形成,再加上比客户在某些技术领域成熟的IT外包技术优势,这三者共同促进IT外包企业创新空间的形成。本研究可为IT外包企业创新空间的定量研究提供基础。     

国际服务发包商初始信任的影响因素实证研究

本文基于发包方视角,通过规范分析与实证研究相结合方法探讨国际服务外包中获取发包商初始信任的影响因素。结果显示：提供商的善意、任务承诺和保障机制均显著影响发包商的初始信任,保障机制对初始信任的影响最大;提供商的能力因素、保障机制和初始信任显著影响发包商采纳服务的动机,初始信任对采纳提供商的动机影响最大。研究结论对于我国国际服务提供商与跨国公司建立信任的外包伙伴关系,提升其在国际服务接包市场上的竞争优势有重要启示。     

战略性外包决策的系统分析

外包决策的科学性是企业外包活动取得成功的关键。本文从外包实践中存在的不足入手，分析了传统的外包决策所忽略的企业系统中各活动间的互动影响关系。据此，从系统分析的角度，在引入特征向量中心的网络分析方法的基础上，从理论上识别了企业的核心活动范围，并由核心活动范围与外围活动的关系，进一步指出了从企业活动范围的划分中，根据特征向量中心的大小选取外包活动的合理性。最后，通过一个石油销售公司的例证，表明本文提出的方法有利于提高外包决策的准确性。     

Industry Norms as Predictors of IT Outsourcing Behaviors

How do firm-specific factors impact strategic IT decisions such as IT outsourcing? Do non-financial factors influence these decisions? Whereas prior IT outsourcing research has focused primarily on normative, economic drivers of IT outsourcing, we find evidence of firm-specific non-financial factors influencing IT outsourcing decisions. We focus on the social influence perspective and use IT outsourcing decisions as exemplars of strategic IT decisions. Using a data sample of 77 outsourcing contracts from the automotive industry from 1995 to 2010, we find that even after controlling for financial factors, industry average levels of outsourcing can be used to distinguish strategic outsourcing behaviors of firms for IT enabled services. Firms with above-average levels of IT outsourcing tended to further increase outsourcing, a behavior consistent with perceived Red Queen competitive pressures. Firms with below-average levels of IT outsourcing showed no measurable trends of either increasing or decreasing outsourcing levels. This suggests that firm-specific factors influence IT outsourcing decisions and deviations from non-financial industry norms can indicate how firms make strategic IT decisions.     

跨国服务外包中的知识转移 —以软件外包为对象

在当代跨国服务外包市场上,以印度为代表的新兴市场国家外包供应商有非常活跃的表现,相关的外包项目也呈现技术含量与管理复杂程度的不断提高,由此引发的理论思考是,服务外包如何作用于接包方的技术发展。本文运用国际化生产的知识管理理论与价值链分析方法,以软件外包为分析对象,通过分解软件外包开发的价值链,研究跨国服务外包内含的知识属性以及知识转移的机制。论文提出:首先,当接包方承接的外包业务沿着软件开发价值链由低端向高端发展,外包活动覆盖的价值链环节呈现知识默会性程度的逐级提高,知识管理方式也从编码化传播为主的管理方式发展为编码化传播与个人沟通两种知识管理方式的组合;其次,发包方外包战略的演进与接包方吸收能力建设是影响知识转移机制最重要的两个因素,跨国企业国际化战略的阶段性演进推动知识转移形态从单方向地知识学习和信息获得发展为合作双方的知识共享与基于双向交流的合作知识管理,引发接包方逐步参与跨国企业的开放式创新体系,实现专业化优势的扩大与综合创新能力的升级。而接包方根据项目要求的组织支持和相关措施也确保了项目发包方、接包方现场团队和接包方离岸团队三主体之间充分的沟通,当接包方辅之以自主技术投入,将有力促进知识转移的转化。     

Sustainability transitions: A political coalition perspective

In the case of technology transitions to low-carbon sources of energy, there is growing evidence that even in countries with a strong political consensus in favor of a transition, the pace has been slow in comparison with the need to reduce greenhouse gases. One factor that affects the slowness of the transition is political resistance from the incumbent industrial regime. Using data on the mobilization of resistance from the fossil-fuel industry in the United States, the study builds on the growing literature on the political dimensions of sustainability transitions by drawing attention to the role of incumbent regime coalitions, grassroots coalitions in support of green transition policies, and countervailing industrial power. Case studies of political coalitions for ballot propositions in the U.S. are used to show how countervailing industrial power, especially from the technology and financial sector, can tip the balance of electoral spending in favor of grassroots organizations.     

企业资源外包程度及其影响因素研究

在企业资源外包决策的因素分析基础之上,设计了企业资源外包程度的研究模型,基于企业资产专用性、能力强度以及规模大小的角度,建立变量表征和测度方法,给予了研究模型企业层次上的实证分析。