美国科学不端行为调查程序的历史演进——以美国研究诚信办公室为中心

1983年美国公共卫生局颁布了首部应对科学不端行为政策,然而这部政策中缺乏科学不端行为调查程序的内容。1986年,美国公共卫生局出台了这部政策的指导意见,添加了保护揭发者、保密、专家调查等不端行为调查程序的基本原则。1989年,美国公共卫生局下属美国国立卫生研究院创立美国科学诚信办公室,建立了独特"科学对话模式"——保护原告的无抗辩模式、保护被告的无听证会模式和保护科学自主性的科学家主导模式。1992年,重组后的新机构——美国研究诚信办公室增加了全面调查阶段的听证会程序,强化了调查的司法性。至此,经历了近十年发展历程后,科学对话模式至今保持着相对稳定。     

论美国科学不端行为调查的科学对话模式——兼论与美国司法模式的张力

在科学不端行为调查程序的发展过程中,美国科学诚信办公室建立起无抗辩、无听证会、由科学家主导的"科学对话模式".他们与传统司法模式形成了强烈的张力:无抗辩模式注重保密性,阻止被告与原告及证据接触,避免原告受到伤害;无听证会模式符合无罪假定和保密原则,避免被告受到不可逆的不利影响;科学家主导模式追求高证据标准,避免混淆诚实错误与不端行为.     

美国最新判例：外国版本作品再出售 不适用权利用尽原则

美国第二巡回上诉法院2011年8月15日就John Wiley ＆ Sons Inc.V.Kirtsaeng案作出判决,以国外印制的作品不能适用权利用尽原则,判定被告在美国销售其在国外购买的教科书侵犯了版权所有人的权利。     

试论权利要求的解释(下)

马克曼听证:美国对解释权利要求问题的贡献在美国的专利诉讼程序中,美国联邦巡回上诉法院于1996年4月23日作出的Markman v Westview Instruments判决颇值得推崇,即在美国的专利侵权诉讼中增加了一个程序,于开庭前进行权利要求解释的听证会,此听证会用此案原告的名字命名为马克曼听证(Markman Hearing)。第一个步骤就是对权利要求的解释(即claim interpretation)。由此,出现了马克曼听证,通过马克曼听证程序,力图正确地解读出权利6     

科学研究中的不端行为刍议

科研不端行为已经成为当前学术界的一个重要问题,并且日益受到社会的广泛关注。科研不端行为不仅影响到科研人员个人及其所在机构团体,还损害了科学共同体的声誉和利益,危害科学事业的长期健康发展。因此,对科研不端行为的治理也逐渐从科学共同体内部进入到科研管理的政策操作层面。治理科研不端行为从源头上首先需要解决科研不端行为的界定问题。从这方面最有经验的美国来看,科研不端行为在政策操作层面上的界定经历了较长时间的演变,显示了相关管理权限分配明确化和向可操作性方向发展的趋势。当前我国科技界和科研管理部门已经认识到了科研不端行为问题的严重性及其治理的紧迫性,但相关工作还处于起步的阶段。剖析科研管理中不端行为的界定问题对我国科研不端行为治理工作的开展有重要的意义。     

贝尔实验室与舍恩事件调查——科研机构查处科学不端行为的案例研究

舍恩事件调查是美国科研诚信历史上极为规范的科研机构独立调查案例,其负责人默里由于监管工作获得2005年度美国物理学会的佩克管理奖。2002年5月,美国贝尔实验室吸取了此前内部调查小组调查舍恩失败的教训,建立了由五位知名业内专家组成的独立调查小组——蓝丝带小组。查处小组历经询问、调查和判定三个阶段,于2002年9月出具调查报告,以大量证据支持舍恩蓄意犯有科研不端行为。此次查处成功说明了第三方调查的重要性,该调查报告提到的"合作者责任",计算机时代的实验记录,实验室内部评审机制问题构成了贝尔实验室乃至于整个科学界改善科研管理体制的直接动因。     

高校科研活动中的不端行为及对策研究

高校是国家科技创新体系中不可或缺的重要力量。近年,高校学术道德失范现象时有发生,引发各界对科研不端成因及治理的讨论,以及科研诚信体系建设的探索。通过梳理近10年国内外高校科研不端行为的典型案例,从项目申请立项、实施、成果利用与管理、成果转化的不同阶段,分析了各环节存在的不端行为;继而从高校科研评价体系、科研项目管理机制、查处程序与力度、诚信教育四个方面分析其成因;最后提出防范治理的建议:即建立以科研不端行为调查和处理程序为中心,"疏、堵、防、治"相结合,涵盖预防教育和诚信体系制度建设在内的综合治理体系,形成治理体系的长效机制。     

我国政府科研诚信规范的历史演进与对策研究

20世纪80年代以来,我国对学界科研诚信问题的治理方式经历了不同的阶段。文章以国家科技部2006年《国家科技计划实施中科研不端行为处理办法(试行)》(简称《办法》)和2019年《科研诚信案件调查处理规则(试行)》(简称《规则》)的文本分析入手,通过对比两者关于科研不端行为的定义、处理流程、处理结果及对申诉程序的说明,探讨我国政府对科研不端行为治理的发展历程及阶段特点;总结国家层面上治理思路与措施的演进过程,并对其中的变化、问题和未来发展给出了分析和建议。作者认为,国家应通过制度建设不断加强科研诚信管理与治理,通过政策引导系统改善科技创新生态体系,加强科研伦理的教育和普及,以促进我国科技事业更加健康的稳步发展,有效防范科技政策风险。     

国外科研不端行为查处机制的演进及对我国的启示

国外近年来对科研不端行为调查处理相关规定和指南的制定或修订,一般都基于以往的经验和教训,因此有很强的针对性和实用性。通过梳理分析其中主要的调整变化或增加的内容,可以发现其进一步凸显了现有调查处理机制中制度化、专业化和规范化的特色,对我国加强相关制度建设和实践也具有借鉴意义。针对我国当前在科研不端行为案件调查处理方面存在的一些不足,提出三方面建议,即重视调查处理工作中专责人员、调查人员和裁决者的作用,完善调查程序和操作指南,以及进一步加强调查处理工作中的统筹协调。     

中美科研不端举报人保护制度之比较

美国科研不端举报人保护各层面立法细密、具体,形成了一个较为完善的制度体系。联邦机构与科研机构安排专人履行举报人保护职责,既分工明确又相互协作。举报人个人信息安全保护贯穿于科研不端查处各阶段,美国严厉禁止对举报人实施报复性人事行为,高额奖励和补偿也是科研不端举报人保护制度的重要内容。中国科研不端举报人保护制度还很落后,不仅需要借鉴美国的制度设计和司法实践,更需要从法律理念上实现从功利价值主义向人权保障主义的转变。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence