Validation of a stages of exercise change questionnaire

The purpose of this study was to examine evidence for the validity of a stages of change measure of the Transtheoretical Model for exercise behavior. Participants were 152 university students (53.3% women, 71.6% Caucasian, M age = 19.18 years) who completed processes of change, self-efficacy, decisional balance, stages of change, and exercise behavior questionnaires as well as a maximal treadmill test. Participants in the action and maintenance stages had the highest strenuous (PC/C/P < A/M) and moderate (PC/C < A/M) self-reported exercise behavior. Those in the maintenance stage had the highest estimated aerobic fitness (PC/P < MA). The differences between the early stages (PC, C, and P) and the later stages (A and M) as described by the first function were primarily due to the behavioral process of change. The differences between the extreme stages (PC and M) and the middle stages (C, P, and A) were due to the experiential processes of change and the pros of decisional balance. The hypothesized patterns of stage differences were partially supported. Failure to obtain full support may have been due to methodological issues or inherent difficulties in detecting evidence for the validity of stages of change measures.     

Self-efficacy and the stages and processes of change associated with adopting and maintaining muscular fitness-promoting behaviors

The majority of physical activity initiatives have been directed toward promoting cardiorespiratory fitness and general health. Far less attention has been devoted to encouraging or understanding muscular fitness-promoting behaviors. The purpose of this study was to determine if constructs from the Transtheoretical Model, a contemporary behavior change framework, could be adapted and applied to the study of muscular fitness-promoting behaviors. Participants were 429 college students who completed measures of stage of change, the behavioral and cognitive processes of change, and self-efficacy. All measures were modified to relate specifically to muscular fitness-promoting behaviors. Two direct discriminant function analyses were performed, revealing that the behavioral processes of change and self-efficacy were the major correlates of the stages of change for muscular fitness-promoting behaviors.     

A model for exercise behavior change regulation in patients with heart disease

Despite the known benefits of habitual exercise in patients with heart disease, less than half of these patients exercise regularly and many of those who initiate programs fail to maintain physical activity routines over the long term. The aim of this research was to examine processes related to short- and long-term regulation of exercise to gain a clearer understanding of why people might fail to maintain intended behavioral changes. We modeled intention formation and plan formulation to investigate the distinct roles of self-efficacy and motivation (self-determination) in different phases of behavior change. Our results showed self-efficacy to be more relevant to exercise intentions and motivation to exercise planning. This research provides evidence supporting the proposition that the psychological processes related to short- and long-term regulation of behavior change differ and suggests that people might fail to continue regulating intended behavior owing to a lack of self-determined motivation.     

体育锻炼行为和行为转变理论模式的嫁接

解释了行为转变理论模式在体育锻炼行为中运用的可行性,呈现了我国在体育锻炼行为的阶段性特征领域的研究成果;阐述了行为转变理论模式和体育锻炼行为的合理嫁接,以及这种嫁接所带来的意义,提出了在体育锻炼行为的阶段性特征的研究中还存在的一些问题.     

Youth exercise intention and past exercise behavior: examining the moderating influences of sex and meeting exercise recommendations

The study purposes were to examine: (a) the determinants of exercise intention and past exercise behavior (PEB) using the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior, and (b) the moderating influences of sex and exercise group (meeting or not meeting exercise guidelines). Participants (n = 676 adolescents) completed self-reported measures of their exercise attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control (PBC), intention, and PEB. We found that attitude, subjective norm, and PBC explained 55% of the variance in intention, and intention and PBC explained 51% of the variance in PEB. While we found sex and exercise group differences across the study measures, we did not find evidence of significant moderation. Thus, the theory constructs predicted intention and PEB similarly across sex and exercise groups.     

Validating motivational readiness for exercise behavior with adolescents.

The stages of motivational readiness as conceptualized by the Transtheoretical Model have been widely used among adult samples to assess readiness for adopting exercise behavior. To date, little research has been conducted using a staging framework with adolescent samples. There is a need for validation of the staging framework prior to a substantial amount of research with this age group. The current article presents two studies assessing stage and reported exercise behavior (Study 1: n = 819; M age = 15.0 years, SD = 1.2; 51% men; Study 2: n = 184; M age = 18.6 years, SD = .5; 45% men). As hypothesized in both studies, reported exercise consistently varied as a function of stage classification; those in earlier stages of readiness reported less exercise than those in later stages. Staging algorithms showed good sensitivity to detect reported exercise; however, specificity was distinctly better with the algorithm that used a specific activity criterion and immediate intention, as opposed to irregular behavior, in defining the preparation stage. Results support the validity of the staging framework for measuring motivational readiness for exercise behavior among North American adolescents.     

Self-efficacy theory and the theory of planned behavior: teaching physically active physical education classes

The purpose of our investigation was to examine determinants of teachers' intentions to teach physically active physical education classes (i.e., spend at least 50% of class time with the students engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity). Based on the theory of planned behavior, a model was examined hypothesizing that teachers' intentions were determined by subjective norm, attitude, and perceived behavioral control. Grounded in self-efficacy theory, it was hypothesized that program goal importance and hierarchical and barrier self-efficacy would also predict intention. Using a series of hierarchical regression analyses, the theory of planned behavior was supported by accounting for 59% of the variance in intention due to attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm. Self-efficacy theory based variables received minimal support.     

锻炼行为理论的评价与展望

本文在分析和评价锻炼行为的社会认知理论的基本模型和综合模型的基础上,提出今后锻炼行为理论可能的发展方向:有效区分锻炼行为阶段,进一步整合锻炼行为理论,强化锻炼行为的实验干预研究和纵向追踪研究,充分考察锻炼行为理论的效用.     

运动行为的意识性训练研究

揭示了意识性在高峰运动行为中作用和影响,利用意识操作并指导运动行为,指出提高运动员意识性训练的方法.意识性训练是有意识的心理活动,运动员意识的优劣将决定比赛的胜负.     

体育运动中的攻击性行为与控制

运动攻击行为是体育运动中时常发生的一种伤害或危及他人的行为.它发生在运动员、教练员、裁判员和观众之间,严重时可导致暴力冲突事件、社会动乱.通过对运动攻击性行为的理论、产生原因等的分析,对攻击性行为的控制提出一些防范措施,这将有利于体育运动的健康发展和社会的安定.     

Correlates of change in walking for exercise: an exploratory analysis.

This study was designed to identify correlates of change in walking for exercise. Respondents to a random sample mailed exercise survey were asked to complete a follow-up questionnaire 24 months after the first. Responses were obtained from 1,739 adults, reflecting an 86.6% return rate. Nonrespondents did not differ from respondents for baseline level of walking for exercise. Respondents overrepresented Caucasian and middle to high education (or income) adults. Residualized measures of change in walking for exercise served as the dependent variable, adjusted for baseline walking. Similarly, key independent variables, subject to change over time, were included after residualization. At both baseline and 24 months follow-up, adults walked for exercise an average of just under 1 hour per week, and 23.5% of the initially active adults ceased walking for exercise at 2 years. Multiple regression analyses explained more variance in walking for exercise among women than men. Change in dynamic variables such as friend's support and vigorous physical activity accounted for most of the explained variance. Results suggest that dynamic variables may need to be sustained to maintain walking for exercise. The limited explained variance suggests that more precise measures and additional determinants of walking for exercise need to be identified.     

大学生锻炼态度与自我概念、锻炼行为的关系性研究

为了明确大学生锻炼态度及其下位因素与自我概念、锻炼行为之间的关系,采用<锻炼态度>与<自我概念>问卷对普通高校大学生进行问卷调查与分析,结果表明:1)锻炼态度与自我概念存在高度相关(r=0.623,P＜0.000),并存在6条显著路径,但只有4个因素能够非常好地对自我概念有预测作用(P＜0.001);2)锻炼态度各因素对锻炼行为的作用差异较大,五个因素对锻炼行为的直接作用达到显著水平.     

锻炼行为和锻炼动机的性别差异——以高知人员为例的比较研究

对590名高级知识分子作问卷调查,对比分析了两性的健康状况、体育行为和锻炼动机。结果表明：①与男性相比,女性高知人员每次锻炼的时间短,锻炼强度小,两性体育锻炼频率和锻炼坚持差异不显著;②女性高知人员的外貌动机和乐趣动机明显强于男性,是她们参与体育锻炼的主要心理动力,这样的锻炼动机模式使她们选择参与轻松、对抗小和娱乐性强的体育锻炼项目;③高知人员健康状况不存在显著性性别差异,锻炼行为和动机存在的差异符合女性的身心特点,反映出在高知人员中性别平等程度较高。     

自我效能理论在美国体育教学中的运用

自我效能理论自从提出到现在已有几十年时间了,但国外对其研究却经久不衰,可见该理论在国外教育心理学研究中占有重要的地位。文章介绍了自我效能的概念、如何增强自我效能感,并针对美国体育教师在体育教学中对于自我效能理论的应用,具体分析了美国一位资深的体育教师珍妮特在雨树中学的教学案例,并介绍了自我效能理论在美国体育教学中的具体应用状况。     

The only constant is change: analysing and understanding change in sport and exercise psychology research

The ability to examine within-person change is essential to test process-based theories in sport and exercise psychology. Longitudinal data, whether experimental or observational, are prerequisites to be able to examine change processes, but most longitudinal studies in sport and exercise psychology focus solely on between-person/group differences, not on within-person change. In this review, we (1) provide researchers in the sport and exercise psychology field with a framework for longitudinal research that focuses on within-person change; (2) provide an overview of how researchers in sport and exercise psychology currently analyse longitudinal data, which showed that most longitudinal studies focus on between-person/group differences; and (3) provide examples of statistical models for analysing longitudinal data that correspond to the framework for longitudinal research. In the examples, we focus on latent variable modelling, such as latent growth-curve modelling and latent change-score modelling, which capture within-person change. We argue that there is a need for stronger emphasis on the match among theory of change, temporal design, and statistical models when designing longitudinal studies in sport and exercise psychology.     

体育锻炼行为的跨理论模型研究进展

介绍了跨理论模型的主要内容、应用跨理论模型对锻炼行为的研究进展,以及跨理论模型的优点和局限性,在此基础上指出应用跨理论模型进行锻炼行为转变领域研究的发展趋势。     

Effects of a phase change cooling garment during exercise in the heat

The purpose of our study was to examine the physiological, perceptual, and performance effects of wearing a phase change cooling garment (CG) during an interval exercise routine in the heat. Sixteen male participants (age 23?±?3 years, ht 1.76?±?0.11?m; wt 78.5?±?11.2?kg; body fat 15.2?±?5.8%) completed two trials (one with phase change inserts, CG, and one control without inserts) consisting of two submaximal exercise portions separated by 5-minute seated rest, and a final maximal effort performance bout. Each submaximal bout involved 30?seconds or 1?minute of muscular endurance and agility exercises and 5?minutes of treadmill jogging and step-ups. The performance bout included 30?seconds or 1?minute of muscular endurance and agility exercises, with participants completing as many repetitions as possible, followed by a 15-minute recovery (active and passive). Rectal temperature (T_re) and heart rate were not different between trials, however change in T_re from baseline was improved during 10 and 15 minutes of recovery with the CG (P?<?.05). Mean skin temperature was lower using the CG vs control throughout the trial (P?<?.05). Thermal sensation was lower when using the CG compared to control (P?<?.001). There were no differences in any outcomes of the performance exercises (P?>?.05). These findings indicate that the continuous use of a CG during an interval style workout in the heat provides improvements in thermal sensation, however, only minimal thermophysiological benefits, and no performance augmentation.     

体育运动与人体骨密度的变化（综述）

采用献资料方法，就不同运动项目和运动强度对骨密度的影响、体育运动对不同年龄人群骨密度的影响以及运动影响骨密度的机理等问题进行了综述。