Unemployment: the final inequality

The reality of long term mass youth unemployment has produced a ‘new social condition’ for many young people—especially when the concentrations of class, race, geography and qualification are taken into account.

This ‘condition’ shifts the grounds upon which our theoretical debates have stood and must renew the questioning of certain fundamentals. It also places or replaces on the agenda just what is supposed to be the working class interest in state education.     

Maternal representations of the infant: associations with infant response to the still face

Mothers' representations of their infants may influence early development of emotional self-regulation. This study examined the associations between characteristics of mothers' (N = 100) narratives about their 7-month-old infants, maternal depression, and their infants' affect regulation during the Still Face procedure. Findings showed that (1) mothers' representations were linked with individual differences in their infants' behavior across the Still Face procedure, (2) the association between mothers' representations and their infants' behavior was mediated by parenting behavior, and (3) mothers' representations explained unique variance in their infants' affect regulation beyond the contribution of maternal depression. Although infants' displays of positive affect diminished while mothers held a still face, only infants of mothers in the balanced representation category returned to high levels of positive affect upon resuming interaction. These findings highlight the role of maternal representations in the process by which dyads repair temporary disruptions in interaction, as well as individual differences in infants' and mothers' responses to the Still Face.     

Supine and prone infant positioning: a winning combination

Since 1992, the optimal sleeping position for infants in the United States has been supine. This position has been shown to greatly reduce the rate of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (Skadberg, Morild, & Markestad, 1998). However, the supine position may lead to other unintended consequences or complications. Through a review of literature, this article explores some of the complications associated with the Back to Sleep campaign in the U.S. and discusses educational strategies for perinatal educators.     

Analysis of the final comments provided by a knowledgeable other in lesson study

Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education - Lesson study has been implemented in schools around the world as a method of professional development for teachers. Lesson study consists of five steps,...     

Head-mounted eye tracking: a new method to describe infant looking

Despite hundreds of studies describing infants' visual exploration of experimental stimuli, researchers know little about where infants look during everyday interactions. The current study describes the first method for studying visual behavior during natural interactions in mobile infants. Six 14-month-old infants wore a head-mounted eye-tracker that recorded gaze during free play with mothers. Results revealed that infants' visual exploration is opportunistic and depends on the availability of information and the constraints of infants' own bodies. Looks to mothers' faces were rare following infant-directed utterances but more likely if mothers were sitting at infants' eye level. Gaze toward the destination of infants' hand movements was common during manual actions and crawling, but looks toward obstacles during leg movements were less frequent.     

Postponement in the completion of the final dissertation: an underexplored dimension of achievement in higher education

Research on academic achievement at a university has mainly focused on success and persistence among first year students. Very few studies have looked at delay or failure in the completion of a final dissertation. However, this phenomenon could affect a substantial proportion of students and has considerable costs. The purpose of the present study is to identify factors which predict postponement in the completion of the final dissertation. Several potential predictors (e.g., background, personality, social support, motivational beliefs, and engagement) were selected through an integrative review of the literature on achievement in higher education. A questionnaire assessing these variables was administered to 341 students a few months before the deadline for their final dissertation. Results indicate that perceived peer support, perceived relatives support, role conflict, and age have an independent and significant effect on whether or not the final dissertation is completed on time. In addition, self-efficacy and behavioral engagement appeared to be mediators of the relationship between the social support and the final dissertation completion.     

高考化学后期复习几点建议

考纲是复习的指导,而课本是复习的依据,也是高考命题的依据.化学科的特点是:概念多,理论多,反应多,物质多,实验多,现象多.因此,在后期的复习中,对所学的课本一定要细读、精读、深读、反复读,构建知识网络.     

Matching behavior in the young infant.

Infants as young as 2--6 weeks have been reported to exhibit matching behavior in response to seeing an adult model tongue protrusion and certain other acts. Matching behavior to the tongue model declines by 12 weeks. The present study was designed to investigate whether (1) this matching behavior represents selective imitation or a released response that can be elicited by a broad but delimited class of incentive stimuli and (2) stimulation of tongue protrusion enhances the response and delays its decline. 24 infants were observed at 6, 10, and 14 weeks. A moving pen and ball were as effective as the tongue model in eliciting tongue protrusion at 6 weeks, while a dangling ring elicited as much hand opening and closing as the hand model at 14 weeks. After the 6-week visit, 12 of the infants were exposed to the tongue model daily. This intervention delayed the decline of matching behavior to the tongue model at 14 weeks. Also, experimental infants responded selectively to the tongue model, while the pen continued to be an effective releaser of tongue protrusions among controls.     

Concept acquisition in the human infant.

The ability of 18-, 24-, and 30-week-old infants to learn conceptual categories regarding adult female faces was examined using a habituation paradigm. Little evidence for conceptual categorization occurred at 18 or 24 weeks, but at 30 weeks infants learned to respond to "a specific female face regardless of orientation" and to "female faces in general."     

Postpartum depression, marital dysfunction, and infant outcome: a longitudinal study

This longitudinal study explores the relationship of postpartum depression (PPD) and marital dysfunction on infant outcomes from birth to 2 1/2 years of age among middle-class, postpartum women. Participants were recruited during the prenatal period. Twelve mothers completed the study throughout a 2 1/2-year period. Questionnaires, semistructured interviews, and observations were used to collect data. Content analysis of the interviews (Morse & Field, 1995) was conducted and thematic patterns were identified. Clinical PPD and marital dysfunction (defined as little or no support or closeness, or verbal, emotional or physical abuse) characterized nearly one in three mothers. Four themes describing the women's postpartum progression were identified: stress, isolation, resentment, and eventual adjustment by creating a new normal. No major developmental delays or behavioral problems were found among the infants. Eight of the 12 mothers who were initially identified as breastfeeding nursed their infants for 6-18 months. Regardless of financial and educational advantages, mothers in the study experienced depression and marital dysfunction. These findings support other studies that confirm the lack of association of PPD with social class or marital status. Childbirth educators and other health care professionals are encouraged to continue providing expectant families with anticipatory education and community resources in order to increase awareness of mental health and marital risks during the postpartum transition.     

Help for a fledgling field: A coalition of infant/toddler educators

Marjorie Brickley is an Early Childhood Instructor at York College in Queens, NY. Aimee Gelnaw is an Educational Coordinator for the Urban Prekindergarten Program/Babyland in Newark, NJ. Both are members of CITE     

The struggle for general science in Australia: The final campaign in the technical schools of the state of Victoria

The aims of the junior technical schools in Victoria were, from the time of their formal establishment in 1911, to provide preparatory education-training for two groups. First, for the relatively small number who proceeded to higher technical education, appropriate for industrial chemists, engineers and architects, and secondly, for the relatively larger numbers who sought to enter skilled trades. The first successful campaign in Australia for a general science for all other secondary students in Victoria was waged in the War years 1939–43 on a platform of science as “a badge of utility and a key to good citizenship”. These were the modest terms upon which science teaching secured a more central place in the classical literary curriculum. The final campaign twenty years later in technical schools was fought on the platform that school science was “not just a servant to trade or engineering courses.”     

粒子加速器中带电粒子最终速度的计算方法比较

带电粒子在示波器（低速）中和在粒子加速器（高速）中的最终速度的计算方法是不一样的。利用相对论的相关知识推导出粒子加速器中带电粒子最终速度的计算公式,并与在示波器中利用牛顿力学计算的结果进行比较,说明利用牛顿力学的计算式是有局限性的,不适用于高能物理中的相关计算,不能随便假设能量数据进行计算,最后得出设置能量数据时要考虑能量与粒子静止能量的比值W/m0c^2的结论。