超媒体环境下自主学习有效干预模式研究——扶助式学习与英语阅读

近年来,自主学习逐渐成为学术界的一个热点问题。然而,超媒体环境下自主英语学习的有效干预模式研究却为数不多。本研究探讨超媒体环境下扶助式学习与英语阅读的关系,某综合性高校经选取的某班30名大学本科学生被随机分为两组：即无扶助学习组（NS）及概念建构组（CS）,均要求在半小时的时间内在超媒体环境下学习有关美国文化的内容。数据收集工具为有声思考法。结果显示,30分钟的自主阅读过程中,CS组的学生无论是在学习计划、学习监控,还是学习策略的使用上,都显著的高于NS组的学生;两组同学在各项学习监控指标上都呈下降趋势。研究结果还证明,有声思考法是考察超媒体环境下自主阅读过程的有效方法。     

Scaffolded Inquiry-Based Instruction with Technology: A Signature Pedagogy for STEM Education

Inquiry-based instruction has become a hallmark of science education and increasingly of integrated content areas, including science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. Because inquiry-based instruction very clearly contains surface, deep, and implicit structures as well as engages students to think and act like scientists, it is considered a signature pedagogy of science education. In this article the authors discuss the nature of scaffolded inquiry-based instruction and how it can be applied to the use of emerging technologies, such as data mashups and cloud computing, so that students not only learn the content of STEM, but can also begin answering the critical socioscientific questions that face the modern era.     

学习神经科学:一门新型的交叉学科

学习是人类永恒的主题,自古以来,一直受到人们的关注.心理学、教育学、认知神经科学、人工智能等领域有关学习的聚合研究,正在催生一门新型的交叉学科——学习神经科学.学习神经科学主要研究不同场合、不同时间点、不同人群、不同领域学习的神经机制、规律以及可能的优化方法,具有典型的跨学科的研究范式和方法.建立学习神经科学有助于更好地探讨学习的机制和规律,有助于促进科学的教与学,有助于学习科学群及学习科学共同体的形成和发展.建议加强跨领域的合作,促进学习神经科学学术共同体的形成和发展,积极争取将学习神经科学纳入我国的学科体系建设,加大学习神经科学人才培养的力度,加强学习神经科学的宣传和普及工作,提升学习神经科学的社会服务功能.     

论英语教学中教与学的主动性

建立友好、协商、相互尊重的师生关系,以及设计以学生为中心的教学计划和课堂活动,是发挥教与学的主观能动性和营造和谐的课堂气氛的有效方式,对此予以论述。     

社会认知神经科学：取向、研究与未来方向

社会认知神经科学是社会心理学与认知神经科学相结合的跨学科研究领域,旨在对社会心理现象在神经、认知和社会三个水平实现整合性研究。当前的研究主要集中于刻板印象、态度与态度改变、他人知觉、自我认知以及情绪与认知交互作用等传统社会心理学的范畴上面,主要范式是应用认知神经科学的方法来验证社会心理学在这些范畴上的各种不同理论观点,并在某些方面取得了突破性进展,但仍存在着广泛的发展空间。未来的研究应采用整合性研究与分离性研究相结合、自下而上与自上而下相结合的研究思路,这有助于建立心理学统一的研究范式。     

假设检验CHC模式——特定学习障碍评估的新方法

假设检验CHC模式以Cattell-Horn-Carroll理论为依据,以能力—成就差异模式和干预反应模式为基础,通过提出假设并验证假设的方式,对特定学习障碍学生的一般认知能力、具体认知加工能力与学业表现进行评估,根据学生学习需求的个体差异对其进行干预。本文对检验假设CHC模式的理论基础、组成要素及其关系、操作流程进行论述,对其优势与局限性进行分析,以期为我国学习障碍评估研究提供借鉴与思路。     

学会发问--学生主动学习的一把钥匙

苏霍姆林斯基说过:学生来到学校里,不仅是为了取得一份知识的行囊,更主要的是为了变得更聪明。教师要使学生越学越聪明,越学能力越强,就必须把学生正确的思维方法的培养放在十分重要的位置上,学会发问就是途径之一。学会发问是学生主动学习,变得更聪明的一把钥匙。     

The unexamined student is not worth teaching: preparation,the zone of proximal development,and the Socratic Model of Scaffolded Learning

‘Scaffolded learning’ describes a cluster of instructional techniques designed to move students from a novice position toward greater understanding, such that they become independent learners. Our Socratic Model of Scaffolded Learning (‘SMSL’) includes two phases not normally included in discussions of scaffolded learning, the preparatory and problematizing phases. Our article will illuminate this blind spot by arguing that these crucial preliminary elements ought to be considered an integral part of a scaffolding model. If instructors are cognizant of the starting position of students, then students are more likely to develop a proper sense of autonomy. We turn, then, to examples from Socrates, the archetypal teacher, that cast light on the importance of preparation and problematizing for the student. Finally, we address the concern that integrating these preliminary elements into scaffolded learning would unnecessarily complicate a useful and effective pedagogical method. Ultimately, if it is effective and autonomous learners we wish to cultivate in the classroom, then something like SMSL must include preliminary elements that calibrate the instructor’s approach to the members of the class. After all, the unexamined student is not worth teaching.     

Learning Neuroscience: An Interactive Case-Based Online Network (ICON)

We have developed an interactive case-based online network (ICON) that provides a new learning environment and integrates the student's thinking across the different concentration tracks of one of Harvard's interfaculty science initiatives. ICON takes advantage of this cross-disciplinary, undergraduate curriculum as a model system to bring a compelling, integrative focus to bear on reshaping how Harvard students learn neuroscience. ICON contains 9 learning modules specific to each case: Case, Working Papers, Blackboard, Neuroimaging, Research Programs and Trials, Decision Tree, Learning Objectives, Virtual Contact, and Brainstorm. Modules allow the student to get away from interpreting vast amounts of available information, move toward selecting useful information, recognize discriminating findings, and build a conceptual understanding of real and meaningful problems in neuroscience. The result is that ICON introduces a new landscape within the academic curriculum where the active participation of faculty and students effectively intersects and captures an immediate, integrative learning experience for the student. The benchmark of ICON is the time spent by students and faculty to create a user-defined learning network that engages faculty to participate in the students' learning and transforms the way the student thinks.     

Learning Through Benchmarking: Developing a Relational, Prospective Approach to Benchmarking ICT in Learning and Teaching

This study discusses benchmarking the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in teaching and learning between two universities with different missions: one an Australian campus-based metropolitan university and the other a British distance-education provider. It argues that the differences notwithstanding, it is possible to develop a useful and rigorous benchmarking relationship between such institutions that draws on previous benchmarking research and improves the approach by benchmarking key processes, not just outcomes. By defining a process used to embed ICT in subjects and using this as a focus of the benchmarking, a relational and prospective approach to quality assurance for ICT can be clarified, one which promotes coherence amongst the benchmarks that can be used for the purposes of improvement.     

Examining the Value of a Scaffolded Critique Framework to Promote Argumentative and Explanatory Writings Within an Argument-Based Inquiry Approach

This study investigated the value of using a scaffolded critique framework to promote two different types of writing—argumentative writing and explanatory writing—with different purposes within an argument-based inquiry approach known as the Science Writing Heuristic (SWH) approach. A quasi-experimental design with sixth and seventh grade students taught by two teachers was used. A total of 170 students participated in the study, with 87 in the control group (four classes) and 83 in the treatment group (four classes). All students used the SWH templates as an argumentative writing to guide their written work and completed these templates during the SWH investigations of each unit. After completing the SWH investigations, both groups of students were asked to complete the summary writing task as an explanatory writing at the end of each unit. All students’ writing samples were scored using analytical frameworks developed for the study. The results indicated that the treatment group performed significantly better on the explanatory writing task than the control group. In addition, the results of the partial correlation suggested that there is a very strong significantly positive relationship between the argumentative writing and the explanatory writing.     

教育神经科学的未来:建构学习发展路径的工具

在教育神经科学领域,我们需要可靠的脑科学知识为学与教奠定坚实的基础。在教学实践中,应该尊重学生的兴趣以及他们独特的学习通路。在教育神经科学中,我们已经创建了一种通用的量表来评估孩子们的认知发展以及他们在校学习,这种评价重视对学生学习的支持与促进。在教育神经科学的研究中,重要的是,科学家与教育工作者相互合作,建立研究型学校,将心智、脑与教育领域的知识联系起来,以支持并促进学生的学习。     

加强管理指导，提高自主学习质量

本文结合岳阳电大开放教育工作实际提出了“一个角色定位,四种学习能力,六种学习途径”的开放教育学员自主学习模式及相应的管理办法。     

贯一学习系统设计：有效的教学、学习和技术

人们带着巨大的并且常常是盲目的热情追求着连接教学、学习和技术的理论和模式。技术的发展激发了研究者和教育者去拓展学习的概念和学习环境的设计，这引发了对不同方法的睿智性和正当性的争论。由此，需要发展一个更具原则性的方法来连接教学、学习和技术。文章提出了贯一学习系统设计的标准和理论基础，及一个理论、研究、假设和方法之间的连接试验。     

大脑学习探秘——认知神经科学研究进展

认知神经科学是从脑神经的层面对认知进行研究的学科,是学习科学的一个重要领域,主要关注感知觉、选择性注意、记忆、语言、情绪和意识等的神经机制。本文介绍了认知神经科学的产生、发展、学科建设情况以及部分知名学者,并对其定义、特点、研究方法与技术进行了讨论;同时还介绍了该领域的一个知名研究机构———卓越学习中心的概况、六个在研项目、三个主要的合作实验室和学术成就;最后介绍了认知神经科学的三个新近研究,并对该学科与教育的关系及其发展进行了评述。     

A Delicate Balance: Integrating Active Learning into a Large Lecture Course

A lecture section of introductory biology that historically enrolled more than 500 students was split into two smaller sections of approximately 250 students each. A traditional lecture format was followed in the “traditional” section; lecture time in the “active” section was drastically reduced in favor of a variety of in-class student-centered activities. Students in both sections took unannounced quizzes and multiple-choice exams. Evaluation consisted of comparisons of student survey responses, scores on standardized teaching evaluation forms, section averages and attendance, and open-ended student comments on end-of-term surveys. Results demonstrate that students perform as well, if not better, in an active versus traditional environment. However, student concerns about instructor expectations indicate that a judicious balance of student-centered activities and presentation-style instruction may be the best approach.